Monkey Is A Classic 18th Century Chinese Folk Tale

Screenplays are meant to inspire the imagination and display a prevalent theme in an interactive and approachable manner. Monkey is a classic 16th century Chinese folk tale novel that mixes allegory, history, and satire into a chaotic but however meaningful adventure. As a combination of being a picaresque novel and a fold tale epic, magical realism is evident and plays a big role in the story. The allegorical nature of the characters and the anti-bureaucratic satire makes the novel more alluring and thus has made the story more enduring and popular. The vivid imagery and descriptions makes the story come alive as Hsuan Tsang, Tripitaka, ventures in his arduous travels to find the Buddhist scrolls and scriptures leading to eventual success†¦show more content†¦A pine-tree? Did you think I taught you in order that you might show off in front of other people† (Wu 27)? The novel serves as a dazzling combination of slapstick comedy, spiritual wisdom, and nonsense with prof undity. Particularly interesting is the metamorphosis of the Monkey or the symbolism of the Stone Monkey. This character change is noteworthy and would be a focal aspect of the screenplay. In the end, accomplishing the mission of reaching the scrolls back to China, Tripitaka and his three disciples get escorted to heaven by the eight Vajraparis. They all get promoted by Buddha himself as Tripitaka is now â€Å"Buddha of Precocious Merit,† Monkey is made to â€Å"Buddha Victorious in Strife,† and Pigsy is the â€Å"Cleanser of Altars.† In the beginning the Monkey is carved out of stone symbolizing his lack of being apprehensive and belittling fear. Because of how he was brought to existence his careless and reckless nature was brought about by how he was born with no family, especially parents. Due to his recklessness and misbehavior in Heaven, Monkey had to be trapped under the Mountain of five elements. This is particularly interesting as this entrapment serves as symbo lism of how Buddha is superior to man, and the need for the quest to enlightenment. However, a distinct change was evident as mentioned, â€Å"But fortunately, when the time of your retribution was ended, you turned your heart to the Great faith and your endeavor to theShow MoreRelatedPhili Literature3111 Words   |  13 Pagesby Pio Duran e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things that speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particularRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pageswave This page intentionally left blank Project Management The Managerial Process The McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series Operations and Decision Sciences OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Beckman and Rosenfield, Operations, Strategy: Competing in the 21st Century, First Edition Benton, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, Second Edition Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper, Supply Chain Logistics Management, Third Edition Brown and Hyer, Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, First Edition Burt, Petcavage, and

A year had departed since that fatal day Free Essays

Everyday I pathologically relived those agonizing memories every detail had been scrutinized while sat in this chair being handed chipped mugs of luke warm instant coffee in return for reassurance that I was still present in this empty and hollow world. I never responded; there was no point, but they gained their reassurance from my deep laboured breathing and went away content. I’d never enlightened anyone as to my thoughts, my inner most feelings; I had no one to trust. We will write a custom essay sample on A year had departed since that fatal day or any similar topic only for you Order Now How could I trust them they held out their hand and pulled me back from that cliff top, the only place I felt comfortable. They said they would help me. Instead they gave me a room full of memories; an environment where my goal was unattainable, and concluded for themselves a reason â€Å"why† based on half truths and other peoples opinions. â€Å"He can’t cope, poor chap† was a common phrase for gods sake I wasn’t coping, I was planning. They had people come to sit with me on a Tuesday. All kinds of people: young, old, professional, dole fraudsters, priests. Sometimes a familiar person would come and sit beside me who’d talk at me and I wouldn’t force myself to listen. Sometimes my ears would pick up as they talked about people who I’d known and things I’d done. I couldn’t remember them but they made sense. I never acknowledged them and they left soon after, shaking their heads and having a conference in the corridor at my expense. I only trusted one person, and she was unreachable. This day had felt different from the outset; something had unbalanced my routine and my usual blueprint of thought. I awoke a little earlier and glared around my room, my cage. This was not my home; it was a prison for my thoughts. I ambled my way to the lounge; it was an unsettling place, not pleasant like my lounge at home. Our lounge at home. Our home that was. Instead it was a mild form of hell. I regained my territorial seat near the window and blocked out all the bawls and whimpers from my surroundings and stared aimlessly out onto the main road. It was morning rush hour and as my eyes filled and discharged, the lights of this dreary winter morning mingled from one colour to another. I saw the box of tissues resting on the sideboard, their miserable attempt at making this unfamiliar room more homely, but I didn’t reach for them. I could have looked round to see what was going on, but I knew. I heard the cries, the crashes, the screams of restraint and the eerie silence that followed. I knew that it was soon to be accompanied by the sound of glass being swept, the tinkling like a wind chime blowing softly in the humid Barbados breeze of my honeymoon. Our honeymoon. Sat on the beach sipping cocktails and each night making passionate love in the most luxurious apartment in town. It was a happy thought I know but instead it drew a tear. I stepped back into my world. Each day was identical. But not this day, today was a year since that horrendous day. The day I repeat in my head over and over, that I couldn’t escape from if I wanted to. But I didn’t want to, I didn’t want to escape from it, for escaping would be forgetting and I couldn’t lose the pressures memories we had. Memories were all I have now. Nobody knew why I sat here looking at this road. Just as well because if they did they wouldn’t allow it. It was a constant reminder. Most days I would see the same white Astra with the same dinted bonnet and cracked bumper, pass over the same spot it did a year ago today. Some days it would be late but it would nearly always be there. Sometimes I would see it on an evening, the new haphazardly applied â€Å"Kill Your Speed† sticker strategically on the rear bumper. It would always slow for the crossing. The driver always slowed for the crossing, but he hadn’t one day. Maybe one was enough for him. Maybe he knew next time he wouldn’t get off so lightly. They let me out, but I didn’t want to go. â€Å"The door is open,† they said, sure it was open but I wasn’t going to pass through it. I could see the world from the 4th story lounge the windows were sealed shut. Shame, it would have been quick and painless, but not part of the plan. It was 9am; she would have been on her way to work now. I would normally give her a lift, but not that day. That day she wanted to walk. A final goodbye kiss accompanied by a waving hand as she disappeared round the corner, the distinctive clicking of her heals disappearing. My house was just around the corner from here. Our house. Not anymore. My things had been put into storage and my landscaped garden has been bulldozed for a square of low maintenance turf. It was nearly time to meet her. I got up from my seat and wandered to my room. I rummaged round my bedside draw until I found my key. It glinted in the light like a precious jewel. Some would say it looked sinister, but it was the only way I could join her, and I had made a promise so I had to keep it. I walked out of the room; out of the door and down the four flights of steps to the ground. There was no need to rush, by the time they had noticed, I’d have crossed over. I walked out of the suburbs until the houses thinned and the city life died away behind me. I passed under the neatly trimmed fern archway and into the grassy pastures where I knew I would find her. I’d only been here once before but I knew my way. When I reached where she lived now, I sat down. The ground was cold. I put my hand in my pocket and reached for my key. I watched with intent as I ran the cold metal down the un-weathered skin of my inner left arm. It tingled slightly. I placed the key back in my pocket and lay down, my left arm on the concrete. I closed my eyes and remembered how it had happened; as I waited for the ice to thaw on the car windows I heard the screech of the brakes and the heart wrenching scream. I remembered how I had dropped the ice scraper and run along the snow dusted path to the crossing. I remembered how I had looked for her as I ran calling her name louder with each step. I remembered seeing the windscreen of a white Astra smeared with red blood, and now in front if it she had lay there helplessly. No one had tried to help. I remembered how I had flopped to my knees and gazed into her eyes as she breathed slower and slower. How the sirens wailed in the background. How I had scooped her head in my arms, her long hair that had been so smartly and expertly tied into a tight bun bound with a red ribbon – ruffled. Her designer jacket that I had bought her for Christmas – ripped. I remember how she gazed back and pulled my head closer to hers and whispered â€Å"I’m not going to make it, am I?† I remembered how I had croaked back the tears and told her â€Å"Wherever you go, I go. I can’t live without you† She smiled back at me, a tear rolled down her face and she whispered, â€Å"I don’t want to leave you. God please don’t let me†¦.† She gasped for breath but breath didn’t come. She held me tight, looked at me as another tear rolled down her cheek and was accompanied by two of mine. â€Å"I love you. Iâ€⠄¢ll be with you soon† I had said. She nodded and closed her eyes. Her arms relaxed and fell from around me. I had ran back to the house, fumbled at the lock with my frozen blood stained hands and grabbed the knife from the drawer. I had ran back to where she was. I can’t have been longer then thirty seconds but by the time I got there all that was left was a pool of blood. An ambulance wailed down the street, taking her away from me. The knife had already cut into my wrist and that’s when they pulled me back, that kind faced policeman had robbed me of fulfilling my pact and my promise. I opened my eyes I was here now. I felt weak as the blood poured from my left arm onto the cold gravestone. I looked at her name and the faded flowers that her parents had painted onto the headstone. My eyes felt heavy but as my life flowed out onto her final resting place, the closest I could be to her, I could see her walking towards me. Her hair expertly tied in a tight bun bound with a red ribbon. The designer jacket I had bought her for Christmas. She reached out a hand and pulled me up. I took one last look back at myself, and followed her. How to cite A year had departed since that fatal day, Papers

Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant free essay sample

Waiting?Case Study Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant Section1: Introduction Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant is identified by its authentic style in terms of food and environment. It is proud to offer considerate services, and high quality food which makes with qualified fresh materials. So the overall quality of this restaurant is creditable. However, it is not yet perfect. I would say Jose’s has a great potential to be successful after it fixed all its problems, since it has a large number of loyal customers, which can be observed from its prosperity on Friday and Saturday. The problems that Jose’s always have include imperfect location, material supply, and waiting period. Since no recent changes have been mentioned in the article, the problems have always been there. Section2: Problem Statement The problem Jose’s facing is a decrease in tips, from where managers can notice that customers are losing satisfaction and patience. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, patrons are no longer as satisfied as they did before. Section3: Key Factors/Issues First, the location of the restaurant, which is a mature business district, seems to be its advantage. However, limited off-street parking will restrain customers who are just passing by. Second, poor ingredients will affect not only the taste of dishes, it seems they will also irritate and frustrate the cook, and most importantly, extend the preparation time in this case. Third, waiting period, concerning both waiting time and waiting experience, are now the prior concerns for Jose’s performance. Section4: Decision Criteria/Measure of Effectiveness The decision criteria in this case would be the number of customers, average waiting time, and the amount of average tips. From these three measures, Jose’s managers can evaluate how good the restaurant does, and how customers react. Alternatives and Analysis Although there is actually nothing the manager can do about the restaurant’s location, he can still find valuable information in analyzing it. Since we already know that the restaurant is not a convenient spot for new customers to stop by, the manager should pay more attention to retain patrons by maintaining and improving dining experience. Currently, Jose’s superficial problem is that tips are decreasing. It is a dangerous signal, because the next stage will be a decreasing in patrons, which will hurt Jose’s business fundamentally. To retain loyal customers, the restaurant needs to further improve its overall quality. Jose’s needs to ensure that its material suppliers can always provide qualified ingredients on time wilted lettuce and tough meats are not acceptable. I would deem it as a micro supply chain management. Delicious food guarantees Jose’s profitability. Therefore, the failure of this process will make it suffer in terms of overall performance. The solution is obvious: press current supplier for qualified ingredients by applying a punishing plan, or shift to other suppliers who have decent reputation in the industry. When it comes to waiting period, first of all, the restaurant has no separate waiting area. This will definitely worsen waiting experience, especially during busy hours such as Friday and Saturday nights when waiting time could be 45 minutes. In addition, it is intolerable to let customers waiting outside the store for that long. On one hand, it is glad to know that customers are willing to stand there so long to get the foods in Jose’s; On the other hand, customers will remember the anxiety and even anger generated while they are waiting, and may never come back. Then, the article also mentions it does not take reservations. This action is wise when the restaurant is full, but not in usual days. Jose’s should take proper amount of reservations to increase its business. At last, the overly long waiting time may also due to the lack of waiters and cooks, since the owner of the restaurant is also busy helping food preparation sometimes. Mentioned in the article, it could take 20 minutes to prepare a meal during specific time period. To sum up, it takes various efforts to shorten waiting time and improve waiting experience. First, put several benches in and out of the store for those who are waiting, and offer waters for them. Second, make reservations available during common business days to lure more businesses. Third, hire several part-time waiters during busy hours, and another cook if necessary. Section6: Recommendation Visual observation is not a scientific way to find out existing problem. A well-organized customer survey is necessary to determine a business’s weakness. Jose’s survey proves that the problems displayed in previous section are true, so the solutions should work very well. Section7: Plan of Action Referring to the details of the solutions, Jose’s should put 4 benches in and out of the store, foldaway ones preferred. To serve its customers better, it needs 2 more waiters, probably part-time, to deliver water to waiting customers and work more efficient inside the restaurant. Another cook is in need to shorten 20 minutes cooking time during busy hours. Exhibits Pareto Chart of Survey Cause-and-Effect (Fishbone) Diagram

John Proctor Essay Example

John Proctor Essay Seham Mohammed English 11 F December 7th, 2010 Character analysis: John Proctor John Proctor John Proctor is the leading role, also known as the protagonist, in The crucible by Arthur Miller. John Proctor is the play’s tragic hero; a good man with one fatal flaw that eventually leads to his fall. John Proctor is honest, resolute, amp; upright. He is a man with pride. At the opening of the play, the narrator portrays the real direct characterization of John, The steady manner he displays does not come from an untroubled soul. He is a sinner not only against the moral fashions of his time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. In the play he is described as, â€Å"the kind of man-powerful of body, even-tempered, and not easily led†. Though he is strong, it is obvious that his hidden weakness comes from his affair with Abigail, a 14-year old orphan girl. The adulterous event is an essential issue in Proctor’s attitude towards himself as well as the reader’s attitude towards him, as mentioned earlier, â€Å"He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. John feels guilty for his affair when Hale visits him and starts questioning him about the Ten Commandments and John abruptly misses one, â€Å"â€Å"Thou shalt not commit adultery. † His true feelings are shown while he is in the farmhouse with his wife, telling her â€Å"I mean to please you, Elizabeth. †I t deeply depicts Proctor’s fe elings towards Elizabeth; he is trying to please her, to heal her broken heart and to get rid of the guilt that is hunting him. His love amp; care to Elizabeth shows even more when she is unjustly charged as a witch. We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He promises her, I will bring you home. I will bring you home soon, as she leaves. Proctor’s relationship with other characters highlights aspects of his personality. In Act 2 Giles Corey and Francis Nurse come to him for help following the arrest of their wives, Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey. It clearly shows how much he is respected and trusted. Proctor respects and stands up for his neighbors; you can conclude that when he says â€Å"I- have no knowledge in that line. But its hard to think so pious a woman be secretly a Devils bitch after seventy year of such good prayer about Rebecca Nurse when he hears about the news about her being accused of trafficking with the devil. A wise man once said â€Å"What is uttered from the heart alone, Will win the hearts of others to your own. † For numerous motives, John Proctor is a truthful amp; a strong-willed man. He doesn’t, by any means, fear revealing what’s on his mind. In the beginning, John frankly tells Parris, the minister of Salem’s church, the reason behind his absence from the church; I have trouble enough without I come five mile to hear him preach only hellfire and bloody damnation. Take it to heart, Mr. Parris. There are many others who stay away from church these days because you hardly ever mention God anymore. Once again his honesty is proved when he reveals his true feelings to Abigail when she approaches him again by saying â€Å"Abigail, you’ll put it out of mind. I’ll not be coming for you anymore†. Knowing that confessing his adultery to the court is the only way to stop the frenzy in Salem and let go of the hypocrisy, John concedes his sin right away. He even encourages his wife, Elizabeth, to do the same by saying, Elizabeth, tell the truth! Elizabeth, I have confessed it.! Although such a confession tarnished his name as well as his reputation, he feels contended by doing well to the community and everyone around him. John would rather die knowing that he did not give in, and that he stood up for what he knew to be true. Wanting him to confess himself of witchcraft, the courts ask him to sign a legal statement of his actions so that all other citizens would feel it is alright to confess as well. He refuses, knowing that such an artificial declaration would not only hurt his reputation, but also his personal integrity; his pride is holding him back. John has high levels of integrity that he rejects giving it up. He declines accusing innocent citizens because he knows they will be executed as a result. That is what he says with a cry of his whole soul that proves my analysis, â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † So he is left with one choice, doing the right thing, standing firm and dying for the right cause. John Proctor is not an ideal man, but his beliefs and values are in the right place. He has a sense of moral righteousness; Proctor listens to his soul, a lesson the whole world should learn to pursue. John Proctor is a â€Å"good† man.

Attachment Disorder essays

Attachment Disorder essays This paper explores issues related to the lack of establishing an infant bond during the critical stage of child development. The paper focuses how the lack of proper bonding may result in ongoing emotional, social, developmental and behavioral problems. It briefly discusses the diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder and techniques useful in treatment children diagnosed with attachment disorders. The topic discussed is largely related to a personal case study. As the twig is bent, so the trees inclined. (Chinese proverb) I have always felt strongly that the environment in which a child is raised during the first few years of life can leave scars that last a lifetime. This opinion results from my own childhood in a dysfunctional family, from observing those who had things worse than I did, and from observing children who were adopted into loving families after two or more years of age. My limited knowledge of the field of psychology backs this opinion. Erikson has concluded that childhood is the scene of mans beginning as man, the place where our particular virtues and vices slowly but clearly develop and make themselves felt. He has further explained that babyhood is a time of basic trust the individual learns to view the world as safe, reliable, and nurturing; or a time of basic distrust- the individual learns to view the world as full of threat, unpredictability, and treachery. Which the child will learn, Erikson explained, will depend on how parents gratify the childs needs for food, atten tion, and love. Once learned these attitudes will color the individuals perceptions and people throughout life (Hurlock, p. 25). Observing families who had adopted children over two years of age I began to wonder if the scars of mistreatment in infancy could ever effectively be overcome. I have observed results ranging from emotional instabilit...

Despite Is Not a Conjunction

Despite Is Not a Conjunction Despite Is Not a Conjunction Despite Is Not a Conjunction By Maeve Maddox The error of using despite to introduce a noun clause may be more common with ESL speakers, but plenty of examples can be discovered in the writing of native English speakers. Here are some examples of incorrect use: Many middle-class individuals find that they cannot obtain good medical attention, despite they  need it badly. Furthermore, this is the first evidence showing that ANP and VNP exert different effects in fish despite they share the same receptor, NPR-A. Our data show that OA is quite neglected by Italian allergists, despite they have a pivotal role both in early identification and in primary prevention of OA. Indian PM Modi will not address the General Assembly despite he will be in New York for the occasion. This is mainly due to the fact that intra-technique solutions are considered as independent despite they are derived from identical observation data. All this has led Houdini to become the most recognized name in magic despite he has been gone since 1926. In each of these examples, despite is being used as if it were a conjunction, to introduce a noun clause. The function word despite is a preposition. The preposition despite is followed by a noun or a noun phrase, never a clause. Here are examples of correct use: Despite his objections, Gov. LePage lets budget fix take effect without his signature Court Says Man Owes $30K Child Support  Despite Proof Hes Not The Father. An art exhibit was opened in Fukushima, Japan,  despite the fact that no one can see it without donning a hazmat suit. In each of these examples, despite governs a noun: objections, proof, fact. The erroneous examples given above may be corrected by following each use of despite with â€Å"the fact†: â€Å"despite the fact they  need it badly,† â€Å"despite the fact they share the same receptor,† etc. Another way to correct the incorrect sentences would be to use a true conjunction like although: â€Å"although they  need it badly,† â€Å"although they share the same receptor,† â€Å"although they have a pivotal role,† etc. Note: The word despite also functions as a noun and as a verb, but this post is about its prepositional use. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowProved vs. ProvenContinue and "Continue on"

Fire Engineering Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Fire Engineering - Literature review Example The study explores the role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. A building is a complex system with fire safety design being a part or inter-related sub-system of this complex system design. Two parameters: fire load density FLD (in MJm–2) and occupant load factor OLF are key in assessment of local fire codes in Hong Kong. A survey of private buildings in Hong Kong in February 1998 revealed that just 11 percent of the buildings were in satisfactory conditions in terms of fire safety. The survey was conducted by Fire Services Department (FSD) for provision and compliance with fire service installations and equipment (FSI) for fire prevention, detection and protection in the buildings. Incidents of fire in domestic and commercial buildings and rail and road tunnels have attracted criticism from the public as well as from other quarters and there have been constant changes in the building ordinance for fire safety to protect life and property. A framework for fire safety exists, based on which it is learnt that various countries including Hong Kong and Australia have developed a regulatory system for fire safety in buildings. The framework provides goals, objectives, performance requirements and means of compliance for building fire safety (Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings, 2011). Factors determining fire safety in buildings, codes of practice for fire safety, design and performance of fire safety framework, compliance issues by segment, health and safety of building occupants and the insights into fire fighting industry in general in Hong Kong will be covered in this chapter. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. The role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety will also be explored to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. Building occupancy Considering that Asian cities are becoming more urban with most of the population residing in high-rise buildings can be useful in studying the fire engineering solutions being employed to protect the life of the occupants and also the property. A study of the differences in structures shows that compartmentalized and non-compartmentalized structures with isomorphic and non-isomorphic floor plans can be assessed for fire safety (Livesay and Donegan, 2003, p 64.1) using different models like flame spread model, hea t transfer model, etc. (Bong, 2000). Hong Kong has a building control mechanism as shown in Figure 1 which includes design for fire safety mechanism as per codes of practice laid by two different legislative bodies, Buildings Ordinance (BO) and the Fire Services Ordinance (FSO), the compliance for which is overlooked by an Authorized Person (AP) acting as the project co-ordinator. The AP ensures that the building design, construction and management are in compliance with the BO in terms of fire engineering approach and performance (Lo et al, 2007, pp 133,134). Figure 1: Building control mechanism in Hong Kong. Source: (Lo et al, 2007, p 134). Building fire safety control mechanism takes into account the route complexity owing to the topological network of rooms and the passages that connect the rooms and floors to the exit space. Information theory and entropy are studied to formulate a mathematical model in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to evaluate the complexity of egress (or means of escape) based on route complexity. Building type comparisons are carried out by considering building plans as networks with the habitable compartments considered as the nodes of the network while the defined links between nodes or the connected passages between rooms and floors are considered as arcs or information steps. Using this information and the behaviour of fire using the different models, the egress

Ethics Programme business law class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Programme business law class - Assignment Example Strategic operations in an organisation that are premised on lies are bound to fail as they would be doubtful in the eyes of the potential customers. In this case it can be noted that Google has a code of ethics which guides its operations as going to be discussed below. For instance, it is guided by the motto: â€Å"Don’t be evil.† The most important issues addressed include the need for integrity, respect for each other, confidentiality as well avoiding conflicts. Google strives to create a good reputation so as to ensure that the customers have trust in them. Trust is the guiding principle in the operations of Google. The other most important factor is respect for each other so as to avoid conflicts at the work place. Confidentiality is very important as far as reputation of the organisation is concerned. There is need to ensure that privacy is respected which is very important in the code of ethics for Google. The Board of directors is on the top position in the organisation and is responsible for enacting the ethical code of conduct. The board communicates with the management about the ethical conduct that ought to be followed. The management is in direct conduct with the workers and these in turn also communicate with them the expected code of conduct to be followed. Google has an open communication system but as far a communication of ethics is concerned, it follows a descending order from top to bottom. The board as noted already has the overall authority to administer the code of ethics in the organisation. The management is used to enforce the code of ethics since they are the ones who closely work with the workers hence it becomes easy to enforce the code. The first scenario in which the code of ethics can be applied involve dismissal of employees who fail to observe the privacy policy of the organisation. Drunkenness at work or any other kind of misbehaviour is not

Discuss Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay Example for Free

Discuss Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay re are several different explanations for the disorder schizophrenia. One of these explanations is the biological model. This model explains schizophrenia through biological faults, for example viral infections and brain abnormalities. Genetic Factors Some psychologists say that schizophrenia can be passed down generations, meaning that some people inherit the disorder from their parents. Twin research has consistently shown that identical twins have a greater risk of developing schizophrenia, if their twin has the disorder, than non-identical twins. Gottesman found monozygotic twins have a concordance rate of 48%, whilst dizygotic twins have a concordance rate of 17%. Evaluation of Genetic Factors This research shows that there is a definite correlation between genetics and the risk of developing schizophrenia. However, no twin research has found a 100% concordance rate; therefore it is impossible the say that genes definitely cause schizophrenia, as other factors clearly have an influence. Also, some psychologists argue that the high concordance rates found could be caused by being brought up in a family with a schizophrenic, so the child mimics the schizophrenic behaviour, rather than by genetics. The Dopamine Hypothesis The dopamine hypothesis says that schizophrenia is caused by an increased reaction to dopamine in the brain. This could be because there is too much of the hormone dopamine in the brain, or conversely because there is an abnormally high number of dopamine receptors in the brain. This model says the excess sensitivity to dopamine results in the brain causes the symptoms of schizophrenia. Evaluation of the Dopamine Hypothesis Autopsies have found an unusually high number of dopamine receptors in the brain of schizophrenics (Owen et al, 1987), however, this evidence is varied and inconclusive. Grilly (2002) found that patients who suffered from Parkinson’s and took the drug L-dopa, which increases dopamine levels, showed signs of schizophrenic symptoms. This suggests the increase in dopamine could result in schizophrenia. Problems with this explanation There are problems of the dopamine hypothesis. One is that antipsychotic drugs, which block dopamine receptor don’t always help patients. This suggests something else must cause schizophrenia as well; otherwise the drugs would help all the patients. Brain dysfunction Using brain imaging techniques, such as P.E.T scans, researchers have found many schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles, on average 15% larger than normal. Some psychologists believe that the increase in the size of these ventricles is what leads to the schizophrenic symptoms. Evaluation The brain imaging scans support this explanation in itself, it’s clear that a lot of schizophrenics have different brain structures to normal people, so there must be some correlation between the two. Research by Meyer-Lindenberg (2002) found that reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex is linked to dopamine abnormalities. This could provide an explanation of why brain dysfunction could cause schizophrenia, not show a correlation. Viral Infection Some researchers suggest that brain abnormalities that lead to schizophrenia could be caused by viral infection. For example, contracting diseases such as Flu or Syphilis in the womb may relate to developing schizophrenia in later life Evaluation of Viral Theory Torrey (2000) found that more schizophrenics are born in the winter, when it is cold and exposure to viruses is higher, than in other months. Although this link is only correlational it suggests viruses do affect the chance of developing schizophrenia

Research Fraud in Allegra Goodman’s Intuition and Carl Djerassi’s Canto

Inspiring a 2002 feature film in which Leonardo DiCaprio portrays him, Frank William Abagnale, Jr. is arguably one of the most memorable fraudsters of our time. Abagnale assumed several different identities and forged checks worth millions of dollars. This type of fraud, known as financial fraud, is what many people first think of when the word â€Å"fraud† is mentioned. There are, however, other definitions of the word. One area of particular interest to us is the use of fraud in the field of science and research. This is an issue in both Allegra Goodman’s Intuition and in Carl Djerassi’s Cantor’s Dilemma. In both novels, the characters sort of skirt around the issue (at least at first) as this is a very taboo topic no matter the subject area. However, not all scientific fraud is created equal. Goodman seems to use a much more conventional approach by demonstrating outright fraud, while Djerassi, who is more privy to the real world that sc ientists face, gives us a more subtle view. Intuition’s Cliff Bannaker and Cantor’s Dilemma’s Jeremiah â€Å"Jerry† Stafford were both expected to yield results in the experiments that they conducted. Pressures existed to complete and publish the results before other labs could do the same and, thus, be credited with the discovery. Because both scientists were working at smaller labs with fewer employees and a smaller budget, time was a very important factor in any decision that was made. Long, sleepless days and weeks went by for these men and I can only assume that this, coupled with the pressure they experienced from their superiors, contributed to the way that they dealt with problems that arose in the course of the experiments. Jerry snuck in to the laboratory to correct an er... ...detrimental effects on cancer patients who are being treated with the supposed new working method. Not to mention the possible psychological pain the false results could give them in which they think there is a new miracle cure for their condition and they gain hope which is dashed when they realize that it does not actually work. Scientific fraud is unethical, as all fraud is, and should obviously not be committed by anyone. Even ex-con Frank Abagnale, Jr. was eventually caught and now runs a financial fraud consulting company and is a consultant for the Federal Bureau of Investigations. Cliff and Stafford both move on with their individual lives after the incident and, I am sure, did not commit fraud again (as is the case with Abignale). Only an idiot or a crazy person would try to commit the same crime for which they have already been caught a second time.

IKEA’s brand Essay

Due to the recent uproar in German media, IKEA’s brand and image are being-Â «rimshed, and I believe IKEA needs to respond to this situation immediately. IKEA’s supplier, Rangan Exports, haJviolated its supply contracts by using child labor for the production oflndian rugs, and such media exposure could lead to sizeable long-term problems such as disruptions in supply and sourcing, lost sales and profits, and reputation risk. I have applied 4 key decision-making criteria to the alternatives IKEA could employ to rectify this situation (Exhibit 1). Above all, since IKEA has been linked to various environmental/social issyes in the past, it should take a proactive stance on the issue of child labor by participating in the media. Without such action, IKEA runs the risk of hurting its image, potentially leading to a cut in its bottom line and slog growth opportunities (Exhibit 2). When looking at the first two alternatives, IKEA could deal with the issue of child labor through its own relationships with suppliers by forming a New Initiatives Steering Committee to manage the issue of child labor. On the other hand, IKEA shares a very important relationship with its suppliers and has many issues to manage on a day-to-day basis, like development and innovation (Exhibit 3). It is very likely that other issues, like child labor, could be overlooked from time to time. For instance, despite IKEA’s past initiative of adding an addendum to its supply contract, Rangan committed a breach of contract by utilizing child labor. For the third and fourth alternatives, IKEA could also step back and allow Rugmark to monitor the use of child labor on its behalf. By joining hands with Rugmark, IKEA would be able to re-emphasize its spirit of responsibility and increase consumer confidence. In addition, Rugmark is an Indo-German organization and such an association could help boost their image and sales in Germany, which account for 30% of total sales. In all the alternatives stated previously, IKEA needs to determine if it should terminate its contract with Rangan or not. If IKEA keeps Rangan on board, it will eliminate supply disruptions and prevent a drop in sales. However, sourcing a new supplier will send a stronger message to other suppliers about the consequences of breach of contract and the division will avoid future costly media outbreaks. For the last alternative, IKEA could withdraw from the Indian rug industry, because it accounts for a tiny part ofiKEA’s turnover. However, Indian rugs are complementary products to other IKEA product lines and discontinuing them would take away from the full line of products. Also, by retracting from the Indian carpet industry and not dealing with the issue of child labor, IKEA’s image as a socially responsible company could be tainted.

Manager Role-Henry Mintzberg’s Management Roles Essay

There are three type levels of managers which are top level manager, middle manager, and first-line manager. Managers carry out functions, roles and skills. Management functions are planning, organizing, leading and controlling as stated by Henri Fayol. However, Henry Mintzberg defined management roles into three parts which are interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. Besides, Robert L. Katz states that managers need three essential skills or competencies which are technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills. The objective of this essay is to discuss the roles of manager in practice relate to Henry Mintzberg’s management roles. Based on the interview, it was found that the manager actually put into practice the skill introduced by Henry Mintzberg. Following discussion will be relates the manager interviewed with Mintzberg’s management roles. Description of the manager interviewed The manager interviewed (Ms. Ong) is thirty-five years old and has a marketing degree. She had been involved in managerial position for nine years. Now, she is the Corporate Affairs Manager in her current company, which is a position of middle manager. This company relates to communications technology. It is a multinational company which operate local and internationally. Instead, she has to plan and organize events to enhance relationship with business partners and customers. This is to ensure the company keeps on track with the suppliers and buyers from time to time on the updated products and services. Besides, she plan and organize the customer’s satisfaction survey to ensure customers satisfaction maintained at all times. Due to the survey, it is to improve and maintain the company’s reputation among customers. Her greatest achievement in the company is developed a new website for the group. She is maintaining the website to ensure the news is up to date. Definition and introduction to Mintzberg’s management roles The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behaviour (Robbins et al, 2006). From this sagacity, it shows the different roles have different behaviours are expected in different position. In Mintzberg’s ten management roles, he grouped the roles in three categories. First, those who concerned with interpersonal relationships (Interpersonal), follow up with those who concerned with the transfer information (Informational), and those who concerned with decision making (Decisional). Firstly, interpersonal roles required to perform duties that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature (Robbins et al, 2006). There are three interpersonal roles, which are figurehead role, leader role, and liaison role. These interpersonal roles are primarily concerned with provide information. Secondly, informational roles are managerial roles that involve receiving, collecting and disseminating information (Robbins et al, 2006). There are three informational roles, which are monitor role, disseminator role, and spokesperson role. It is primarily concerned with the information process with the information aspects of managerial works. Thirdly, Mintzberg identified decisional roles which revolve around making decisions (Robbins et al, 2006). This is the unique access of using information to the organizational decision making. There are four decisional roles, which are entrepreneur role, disturbance handler role, resource allocator role, and negotiator role. The top managers will make the decisions for the organization as a whole, while the supervisor makes decisions for his or her particular work unit. Henry Mintzberg’s management roles with manager interviewed As described above, Ms. Ong is a middle level manager. Middle managers included all levels of management between the first-line level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers (Robbins et al, 2006). Ms. Ong as a middle level manager is responsible to attain the goals set by the top management. The first roles, which is the interpersonal roles is implemented much in the manager management roles. The manager interviewed mentioned that she uses very much interpersonal skills to ensure the ability to work with individuals and groups. This helps the manager to communicate with first-line and top management to process the information. The manager takes the responsibility to motivate members of the organization and ensure the organization keep on track with their goals to be attained. In the liaison role, the manager interacts with media on publicity for the organization to maintain the reputation. The leader role helps the manager to maintain relationship on developing network with the subordinates and media. This role gives the manager a unique position to collect information for her job. Secondly, the informational roles is the role the manager uses very much in managerial roles. In the monitor role, the manager receives and collects information. The information collected will processes and hand to the top management for decisions making. As an example, the manager will develop the Marketing Communication plans, promotional strategies and communication programmes to improve customers’ relationship. Yet, these plans need approval from the top management before it launch in the market. In the role of disseminator, the manager will produce monthly and quarterly newsletters and all other company’s publications into the organization. Besides, the manager plays the role of spokesperson by compile corporate information for release to press or public. Instead, the manager liaise with business partners on events or promotions pertaining to each products and services. As a corporate affairs manager, the manager plays her informational roles very well in the organization. Thirdly, as a middle level manager, the manager involves moderate little amount in decisions making. The manager accesses the information to the top management while the top level management will analyse and decide the best undertakings for the organization. Yet, as the corporate affairs manager, she has the responsible to review and approve selection of promotional media and agencies, then evaluate the cost effectiveness of the advertising programmes and campaigns to ensure maximum publicity for the organization. This shows how the manager captures the role of disturbance handler. It shows the manager will do the decisions making for her particular job unit not other than that. Overall, the manager interviewed has good social communication skills to communicate with the customers and business partners. These will ensure the organization’s reputation is well protected. The manager plays her roles well by applying Mintzberg’s management roles in her job. A manager should always apply the ten roles in Mintzberg’s management roles to handle their job. In addition, the manger mentioned that human skills stated in Katz theory is very much needed to deal with subordinates and business partners. By having the best performance of the subordinates, the manager will take action on giving some motivation rewards. Somehow, the manager thinks that rewards lead motivation in the overall performance in their group. This will ensure the overall group performance to be more efficient and effectively. Two stakeholders that impacts on the work of the manager interviewed Stakeholders are any constituencies in the organisation’s external environment that are affected by the organisation’s decisions and actions (Robbins et al, 2006). From the manager interviewed, there are many stakeholders such as employees, customers, business partners, media, and others. In this case, two important stakeholders chosen are employees and media. The manager states, employees are the important stakeholders in the organization. Employees are the subordinate that will contribute a lot in the organization. Each employee contribute one information or data, meanwhile the manager will collect and analyse the information or data. In the end of the day, it will process as an important document in the organization. To ensure the good relationship between employees, the manager will organize a party when they had done their project. This is to motivate the employees due to the organization goals are attained. Other than that, the manager will provide subordinates a cup of coffee or tea during the tea time break. Without a good relationship with the employees, the manager’s work will be futile. In the same time, the employees will willing to sacrifice and support the manager when the manager making decisions. Secondly, as a corporate affairs manager, the manager deals a lot with the media. Media plays an important role in helping the organization to achieve the goals. Meanwhile, it may create bias to the organization as well. In brief, media divided to two which are mass and electronic. In mass media, the manager deal with the editors to prevent bad press. Additionally, the manager will build good relationship with the editors in mass media to do advertising on new product releases or successful projects in the mass media. In electronic media, the manager will post all press articles on organization in the company website. This is to keep the company’s stakeholders update information. In conclusion, keeping a good relationship with stakeholders, the manager can achieve the organizational goals effectively and efficiently. The stakeholders will fully co-operate with the manager in the decisions making. They will serve or obey the order in advance. Conclusion The main objective of this essay is to understand the work of a manager in practice relates to Mintzberg’s management roles. Based on the interview of a corporate affairs manager in a multinational organization, it was found that Mintzberg’s ten management roles are being applied in the organization. In brief, Mintzberg’s management roles is categorized in three groups which are interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles. Besides Mintzberg’s management roles, in real life manager should apply other skills and theories to be more effective and efficient. References List McShane, V. G. (2003), Organizational behaviour, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. Robbins,S. P. , Bergman,R. , Stagg,I. & Coulter, M. (2006), 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney.

Irish Potatoes and Pennsylvania Dutch

Irish Potatoes and Pennsylvania Dutch Irish Potatoes and Pennsylvania Dutch Irish Potatoes and Pennsylvania Dutch By Maeve Maddox Here are some terms associated with places. In each case something about the term is misleading. German silver: A white alloy consisting of nickel, zinc, and copper originally obtained from an ore found at Hildburghausen. The product is German, but contains no silver. Hudson seal:   Muskrat fur that has been plucked and dyed to give the appearance of seal fur. The fur is from Hudson Bay, but its not from a seal. Jordan almond: an almond imported from Mlaga and used extensively in confectionery, or an almond coated with sugar of various colors. The almonds are not from Jordan and never were. Jordan in this expression is an altered form of French jardin, garden. Pennsylvania Dutch: people living mostly in eastern Pennsylvania whose characteristic cultural traditions go back to the German migrations of the 18th century. The German word Deutsch predictably became Dutch in American mouths, but at one time in English, Dutch referred to Germans in general. In the 17th century Dutch narrowed in meaning to of the Netherlands. Irish potato: the white potato (Solanum tuberosum). The white potato came to Europe from Peru. It became permanently associated with Ireland because of the dreadful Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) during which a million Irish died and a million emigrated. Ireland wasnt the only European country to experience a potato blight at that time, but a third of the Irish population depended entirely upon the potato for food. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Between vs. In Between20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

British Monarchy

1. British Monarchy: the function of the queen in modern society, the royal privileges and maps, the royal household, the chief beginnings of income, chief ceremonies connected with royalty, royal abodes, the perceptual experience of monarchy in society The Monarchy is called the dignified portion of the Fundamental lawas opposed to the efficient portion # 8211 ; the executive ( the Government ) . Under the British Constitution the Monarch remains the caput of province which efficaciously means that British people are non citizens but Her Majesty # 8217 ; s topics. The Royal Prerogatives # 8211 ; an action of the Government that gets its legitimacy from the Crown ( there are certain actions that the Government performs, they are finally approved by the Queen. ) It is a fiction because the Queen is advised on most of her actions by her Government. 1: to name the PM at the terminal of the election ( usually the leader of the party that has the bulk in the HC ) 2: to cite, prorogue ( # 1086 ; # 1073 ; # 1098 ; # 1103 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1087 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1074 ; ) and fade out the Parliament. 3: enact statute law ( # 1074 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1087 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; ) ; to give her Royal Assent to measures when they # 8217 ; ve been passed by both Houses. 4: declares war / makes peace 5: recognizes foreign provinces and authoritiess 6: concludes pacts 7: extensions / cedes districts 8: caput of judiciary = all the tribunals of the land are the Queen # 8217 ; s Courts # 8211 ; all the tests carried out in the Queen # 8217 ; s name ( Regina vs. Jones ) 9: Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces 10: temporal governor of the Church of England 11: makes formal assignments to the most of import offices of the province in the Armed Forces and churches 12: confers baronages, knighthoods and other honours 13: formal blessing to determinations of the Government is given at the meetings of the Privy Council 14: the Queen of 16 former settlements, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, represented by the governor. The Head of the Commonwealth ( 16 + some more other states ) Constitutional function of the Queen ( sovereign ) was foremost explicitly formulated by the 19 cent author and journalist Walter Bagehot ( the English Constitution 1867 ) . Celebrated ternary expression: the Queen has the right to be consulted, the right to promote and the right to warn. Every twenty-four hours surveies cabinet documents, foreign office paperss, receives a study of the parliamentary proceedings, on a regular basis sees the PM in audience, in changeless touch with foreign embassadors and the Commonwealth representatives. Important symbolic function: the integrity of the state, historical traditions and continuity. Defender of the Faith # 8211 ; merely Anglicans can win to the throne. Religious caput of province, the archbishop of Canterbury crowns the sovereign. 2 archbishops ( Canterbury and York ) and 24 bishops, deans of Cathedrals ( appointed by the Queen, advised by the PM ) . The Queen has ecclesiastic family # 8211 ; the College of Chaplains, the Chaplains and organists of the Chapels Royal at the Tower of London, St. James Palace and Hampton Court. The Royal Peculiars # 8211 ; non subjects to the legal power of archbishops, they are monarch # 8217 ; s. A figure of particular royal occasions, taking topographic point on a regular basis each twelvemonth: the province gap of the Parliament # 8211 ; October, November ( unless there has been general election ) . The Queen drives in a province passenger car from Buckingham castle to the castle of Westminster ( HL ) , reads her address from the throne, wears a Crown, address prepared by the governor. The Remembrance twenty-four hours # 8211 ; in November, service in the White Hall for the dead of the 2WW, lays a garland at the Cenotaph. June # 8211 ; goes to the Derby at Epsom, subsequently in June at Windsor for the Royal Ascot. Second Saturday of June # 8211 ; official birthday. The Trooping of he Colour, Horse Guards Parade, birth honours are given. In summer 3 garden parties are given in the evidences of Buckingham palace # 8211 ; all people # 8211 ; each attended by ~ 8,000 people of different walks of life ; tea, bars, brass set. The royal family # 8211 ; 350 courtiers, Private Secretary, ladies-in-waiting, the Mistress of the Robes, Ladies ( Gentlemen ) of the Bedchamber. The Finance. More than # 190 ; of the Queen # 8217 ; s disbursals is met by relevant authorities debts. # 163 ; 15,3mln # 8211 ; castles ( 3 functionary abodes # 8211 ; Buckingham castle in London, Holyrood castle in Edinburgh, Windsor palace ) . The Civil List # 8211 ; money provided by the Government and frequently by the Parliament, on a 10-year footing for the running of the Queen # 8217 ; s family. 2001-2011 # 8211 ; # 163 ; 7,9mln. Besides the Queen receives an income # 8211 ; the Duchy of Lancaster ( the Crown estate gt ; 19,000 hectares ) # 8211 ; one-year income # 163 ; 7,3mln before revenue enhancement. The Duke of Edinburgh ( hubby ) , kids ( Princess Royal Ann, Prince Andrew, Edward ) # 8211 ; receive rentes, but the Queen refunds all except the hubby, he # 8217 ; s the lone who receives purely. The Queen pays for her kids, they live at her disbursal. Prince Charles # 8211 ; the Heir to the Throne ; Duchy of Cornwall # 8211 ; income, in 2003 ~ # 163 ; 10mln ~ # 188 ; income revenue enhancement. The Queen offered to pay revenue enhancement on voluntary footing # 8211 ; decides how much to pay, on her private income, e.g. on portion of the Civil List used for private intents ( e.g. feast for friends ) . Others pay income revenue enhancement on regular footing like ordinary citizens. The Civil List is administrated by the alleged Keeper of the Privy Purse. Private Royal abodes. Sandringham ( East Anglia ) , Balmoral ( Scotland ) , Clarence House ( Queen Mother resided ) , St. James # 8217 ; s Palace ( Prince Charles, the minor royals ) , Kensington Palace ( Diana ) . Grace and favour flats, free of charge. The Royal Family. The Queen # 8217 ; s conserve # 8211 ; Philip the Duke of Edinburgh ( 1921 ) # 8211 ; celebrated for his epigrams. Princess Royal Ann, girl. The Prince of Wales ( 1948 ) , Heir to the Throne # 8211 ; Heir Apparent. Prince William ( 21 now ) # 8211 ; Heir Presumptive, Prince Henry ( 1984 ) . Prince Andrew ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; the Duke of York, Prince Edward ( 1964 ) # 8211 ; the Earl of Wessex. The perceptual experience of monarchy in society # 8211 ; it has its symbolic function, integrity, continuity, but immature people are far from it, the general attitude # 8211 ; non interested, attracts tourers. 2. The national symbols of Britain and its component parts ( the National flag, anthem, the national emblems, the Royal Beasts ) . The system of rubrics and honours The National Flag # 8211 ; the Union Jack. Combination of three crosses # 8211 ; St. George # 8217 ; s traverse # 8211 ; England, ruddy cross on a white land ; the cross of St. Andrew for Scotland # 8211 ; white diagonal cross on a bluish land ; the cross of St. Patrick for Ireland # 8211 ; ruddy diagonal on a white land. First introduced in 1606, had 2 crosses, brotherhood of England and Scotland ( James I ) , 1801 # 8211 ; St. Patrick added. National Emblems. Rise for England, thistle for Scotland, Narcissus pseudonarcissus ( leek ) for Wales, white clover ( wild oxalis, ruddy manus ) for Ireland. Crown, sceptre, blade of province, eyeball. Monogram ER # 8211 ; Elizabeth Royal. In the Centre of the emblem is situated a heraldic shield, divided into 4 parts. Left upper portion A ; right lower portion typify England ( 3 gold leopards on a ruddy land ) . Right upper portion # 8211 ; Scots emblem ( a ruddy king of beasts on a gold land ) . Left lower portion # 8211 ; Irish emblem ( xanthous harp on a bluish land ) . Around the shield # 8211 ; supporter. The shield is held by two Royal Beasts the Lion with the Crown in the left, the Unicorn in the right. Under them a bluish thread with words # 8220 ; Dieu et Monday droit # 8221 ; ( God A ; my right ) # 8211 ; Richard I. In the background # 8211 ; rose ( England ) , thistle ( Scotland ) , medic ( Ireland ) , leek ( Wales ) . The National Anthem # 8211 ; God Save the Queen ( King ) . Adopted after the War with Napoleon. The Royal Animals. The Lion of England, the Unicorn of Scotland, the Red Dragon of Wales, the Grey Hound of Richmond, the White Horse of Hanover, the Griffin of Edward III, the Falcon of the Plantagenet lines. The system of rubrics and honours. Twice a twelvemonth ( at the New Year and on the Queen # 8217 ; s official birthday # 8211 ; the Queen # 8217 ; s birthday honours ) # 8211 ; solemn ceremonial. 3000 honours are given yearly # 8211 ; the bulk the Order of the British Empire, most on PM # 8217 ; s advice, a few in the Queen # 8217 ; s personal gift. The Order of the Garter ( since Edward III 14th cent. ) # 8211 ; 24 people at one time, the Queen is a crowned head of the Order of the Garter, bluish thread, Prince Charles, + foreign, e.g. the King of Spain. The Order of the Thistle # 8211 ; 16 knights, green thread. The Order of Merit ( 1902 ) # 8211 ; 24 people. Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 ) # 8211 ; who have straight served the Royal Family. The Order of the Bath ( 1725 ) # 8211 ; ceremonial ablutions, red thread. The Order of the British Empire: 5 grades # 8211 ; member of the British Empire ( MBE ) , officer ( OBE ) , commanding officer ( CBE ) , knight commanding officer ( KBE ) or dame commanding officer ( DBE ) , knight/dame expansive cross ( GBE ) . Lists are made by members of the populace. Remain common mans, no particular privileges, rubrics are non familial. Highest honor # 8211 ; baronage, historically familial, and since 1959 life baronage. The 5 classs # 8211 ; Duke / Duchess ( Your Grace ) , Marquis / Marchioness ( My Lord ) , Earl / Countess ( # 8220 ; ) , Viscount / Viscountess, Baron / Baroness. Connected with individual # 8217 ; s business. On formal frocks # 8211 ; strawberry leaves, a coronet consisting of 8 strawberry foliages, 4 Ag falls and 4 strawberry foliages for a Marquis. Peers can disclaim their rubric, to acquire the right to sit in the HC # 8211 ; the rubric falls into suspension, means title delaies until this individual dies and his boy accepts it. The older boies of equals have courtesy rubric, one grade lower than their male parents # 8217 ; . Duke can strip his boy heritage, but no right to strip of the rubric. Elections in Britain Members of the House of Commons ( MPs ) are elected by electors of 651 parliamentary constituencies, into which Britain is divided, each with electorate of about 60,000 electors. Each individual over 18 has the right to vote, except captives, Godheads and the mentally sick. The vote is taken by a secret ballot. Each constituency is represented by one MP. The victor is the campaigner who gets more ballots than any other individual campaigner. The leader of the party with most seats normally becomes the PM and forms the Government, which can stay in power for up to five old ages. The 2nd biggest party becomes the official Opposition, and its leader forms the Shadow Cabinet. The PM chooses the day of the month of the following General Election. About a month before the election the PM meets a little group of close advisors to discourse the day of the month. Then the PM officially asks the Queen to fade out the Parliament # 8211 ; all MPs become unemployed, but authorities officers cont inue to map. . Voting takes topographic point on Polling Day ( normally a Thursday ) , the consequences are known by the following forenoon. The leader of the party that got the bulk is invited by the Queen to organize a authorities. The authorities is arranged in approximately 15 sections each with a curate as its caput. The PM chooses about 20 Mononuclear phagocyte systems from his or her party to go the Cabinet of Ministers. Members of the House of Lords are non elected. About 70 per cent of them are familial equals. The other 30 per cent are life equals, they are appointed by the Queen. The relative representation system # 8211 ; all political parties, little every bit good as big, are represented in the government organic structure harmonizing to the proportion of ballots they receive. Parties. 3 chief parties # 8211 ; the Labour ( Tony Blair ) , the Conservative ( Ian Duncan Smith ) , the Liberal-Democrats ( Charles Kennedy ) . Labour # 8211 ; ruddy coloring material, Conservative # 8211 ; bluish, Lib-Dem # 8211 ; orange. The party system since 17thcent. The House of the Godheads The chief map of the HL is to analyze and revise measures from the Commons. It besides acts as the concluding tribunal of entreaty. Bill send from the HC may be approved by the HL ( if fiscal automatically ) , they can amend the measure and direct it back to the HC, can non merely reject, can detain for 13 months, after this it becomes a jurisprudence ( # 8220 ; kill a measure # 8221 ; ) , but the measure is no longer relevant. Chamber: throne in the centre with a canopy and a woolsack ( beginning of Britain # 8217 ; s prosperity ) where the Lord Chancellor sits ( talker of the HL ) . Governmental side # 8211 ; right of the talker, resistance # 8211 ; left. Benches # 8211 ; ruddy leather, green line separates authorities and resistance ( for contrast ) + transverse benches. The talker takes portion in arguments and ballots. If the talker decides to turn to as an ordinary # 8211 ; leaves the woolsack. The House of Commons Current rank: Labor 409 ( a # 8220 ; comfy # 8221 ; bulk ) , Conservatives 163, Lib-Dem 53, entire 659 ( + some smaller parties ) . Presided over by a talker, has the right to keep the order, elected at the beginning of each parliament session or when the old retires or dies ; doesn # 8217 ; t talk in arguments, doesn # 8217 ; t ballot, calls members to talk, puts the inquiry ( to vote ) . The Chamberhas the same agreement # 8211 ; talker # 8217 ; s chair ( alternatively of the throne and the woolsack ) . Shadow Cabinet of the Opposition has the right to lucubrate alternate policies.Frontbenchers, backbenchers, crossbenchers, the visitants # 8217 ; gallery. The benches are green. Stress 2-party system. The procedure of arguments is adversarial. The chief mapis to do Torahs by go throughing Acts of Parliament, every bit good as to discourse current political issues. Parliamentary process. Each session begins with the State Opening of the Parliament, if a portion has the bulk, the Queen reads the address. A argument, a ballot is taken. If no clear bulk # 8211 ; hung parliament, unsafe state of affairs, can take to a parliament crisis. Most of the twelvemonth # 8211 ; particular modus operandi. Proceedings are public, televised, imperativeness admitted, so print the proceedings on the undermentioned twenty-four hours in Hansard ( it was the first adult male who published ) . Business, order of concern, parliamentary concern ; inquiry clip # 8211 ; 1 hr, MPs ask Ministers and other MPs inquiries, prepared 48 hours, by resistance # 8211 ; to uncover the failing in the Government. The chief argument: measures are introduced by the Government, Ministers largely. The measure is introduced in a signifier of a gesture, any Minister can travel something ; the inquiry is unfastened to debate. At the terminal of the argument the Speaker asks MPs if they accept a gesture, sometimes the affair is decides on the topographic point. Approved by a bulk, rare # 8211 ; a division is called: aye/no anterooms # 8211 ; ballot by walking, a bell is rung, appoint Tellers stay on a/n anterooms, each MP walk to the anteroom and they are counted ; hold really small clip. The measure goes through some phases: foremost reading # 8211 ; debated in item, when is complicated, the House goes into commission, particular commission remains ( e.g. the Committee of Defense ) , others leave. 3rdclip # 8211 ; passed or rejected, if passed # 8211 ; gt ; the HL # 8211 ; gt ; the Queen for the Royal Assent # 8211 ; gt ; jurisprudence. Bills are drafted by audience with professional organic structures. Sometimes the proposals take the signifier of white paper ( provinces that the Government wants to cognize the attitude of public ) ; if wants public treatment # 8211 ; green paper. The standing commissions. Guillotine gesture ( foremost introduced by Thatcher ) # 8211 ; cuts down argument, repair the clip is allocated. Every party has the party whips # 8211 ; like party police officer, press the members to vote for the Government, all party members vote for. They don # 8217 ; t play hooky player, if don # 8217 ; t come # 8211 ; decrease of the wage. The Government and Cabinet 10, Downing Street # 8211 ; PM and the Cabinet. The White Hall # 8211 ; Her Majesty # 8217 ; s Government, governs in the name of the Queen. The Queen invites the leader of the party that has the bulk to organize a authorities. The Ministers are about ever the members of the Commons, besides a few # 8211 ; Lords. It is based on a tradition, because in the Commons the Government is expected to explicate its policies. In 19thcentury some Governments included members of different parties. The chief curates and sections. ~100 Ministers, the cardinal nucleus is the Cabinet ~20 senior Curates invited by the PM, they are called the Secretaries of State. Minister # 8211 ; a junior member of the Cabinet. Lord Chancellor, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( Foreign Secretary ) # 8211 ; Jack Straw ; Chancellor of the Exchequer ( Minister of Finance ) # 8211 ; Gordon Brown ; Home Secretary ( Home Department ) ; Secretary for Defense, for Culture, Media and Sport, Education and Employment, Social Security, for Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland. The chief rules: 1 corporate duty ( as if they were one individual ) even if persons do non hold. If a Minister has done something incorrect, his co-workers have to disinherit him/her, will hold to vacate. 2 PM foremost among peers. In theory the 2ndis supposed to promote balance and freedom for single curates, in pattern it can give rise to tenseness. Insure leading, let for each curate some duty and freedom in their field. Cabinet meetings are held in private, 1-2 a hebdomad, while the Parliament is sitting, or, less frequently, during parliamentary deferral. The proceedings are confidential, secretaries take a particular curse non to unwrap. Because of the great sum of concern, Secretaries have junior Curates working under them # 8211 ; Curates of State ( Undersecretaries ) . Civil Service # 8211 ; a political organic structure which administers the determinations of the Ministers. Employed ~600,000 civil retainers, expected to be politically impartial, serves any authorities, every bit loyal to whatever party is in office ; if they want to stand for the Parliament they have to vacate foremost. Centre # 8211 ; the Cabinet Office, responsibilities # 8211 ; considerable, including the proper running of the whole Civil Service. The Local Government 1995-1998 # 8211 ; the system was reformed. Types. 45 Unitary governments, largely around the large metropoliss. Now the system of local authorities has one-tier governments, merely unitary. 2-tier governments: county councils ( council member ) , subdivided into territory / borough councils ( city managers ) . In England # 8211 ; 45 u. c. , 34 c. c. and 238 d. / b. c. Local elections # 8211 ; for 4 old ages, council members elect yearly, function on voluntary footing ; the council doesn # 8217 ; Ts have executive powers, no decision maker # 8211 ; fundamentally self-regulating. The Queen # 8217 ; s represented by Lord Lieutenant of the county, attends on the Queen when she comes to the county, gives honours and grants on behalf of the Crown. Functions. Responsible for instruction, the care of the chief roads, societal services, public assistance, libraries, fire service, garbage disposal. District councils: lodging, urban roads, auto Parkss, garbage aggregation, diversion, graveyards, environmental wellness. Unitary councils # 8211 ; unite all these maps. Parish councils # 8211 ; in rural. Beginnings of funding. 1 the council revenue enhancement # 8211 ; on the owner-occupier or renter of a home which is their exclusive or chief abode. Calculate: depending on rating of the market monetary value of the home. Standard Band D, divide homes into groups. 2 non-domestic rate # 8211 ; on other sorts of belongings ; 3 authorities grants ; 4 income from fees and charges for services. London. 32 borough councils. The London city manager # 8211 ; Ken Livingston. Greater London authorization ( GLA ) covers the country of 32 boroughs and the City of London. The Corporation of London: the Lord-Mayor # 8211 ; nominated yearly by the City Guilds, 24 Aldermen, 130 council members. Cymrus. Merely unitary governments ( 22 ) . Besides # 8211 ; degeneration # 8211 ; the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff for 4 old ages, 60 members and presiding officer. Can present secondary statute law, on the footing of Acts of the Apostless passed by the Parliament in Westminster, can non raise or lower income revenue enhancement. The Welsh Cabinet # 8211 ; 1stSecretary, secretaries for minor affairs ( ~ economic development, instruction, wellness, etc. ) . Have step of independency presents. Scotland. 29 unitary governments, for 3 old ages, elected. + 3 island councils. Have greater independency than Wales. The Scots Parliament, in Edinburgh, since 1999, 128 members. Has the right to present primary statute law and raise / lower income revenue enhancement by up to 3p in the lb. The Scottish Executive # 8211 ; the authorities, for instruction, wellness, jurisprudence and order, headed by the 1stMinister. Own notes # 8211 ; Scots lb. Northern Ireland: 26 territory councils elected for 4 old ages. The system of jurisprudence and order The Fundamental lawis non codified in any formal papers. The legislative subdivision # 8211 ; the HL, the HC, the Queen ; the Cabinet and the PM # 8211 ; executive ; they are combined by the Queen. In fact the Parliament is controlled by the executive, as all the measures pass to the Parliament by the bulk party, besides it is in the Parliament. Judicial system is represented by Courts, the HL is the chief 1. So there is practically no separation of powers. The bulk party has the existent power in the state. There is no constitutional tribunal, the system provides for no cheques and balances. The legal system of England and Wales are separated of these of Scotland and Northern Ireland. The system of tribunals. Supreme authorization # 8211 ; the HL ( supreme tribunals ) . The Ultimate Court of Appeal # 8211 ; Law Lords. Under the HL # 8211 ; Supreme Court of Judicature ( instead abstract, no individual organic structure ) , including the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice ( responsible for civil instances ) , the Crown Court ( for condemnable instances ) . The High Court of Justice: 3 divisions # 8211 ; the Chancery Division ( fiscal affairs: bankruptcy, reading of minutess and volitions ) , the Queen # 8217 ; s Bench Division ( for commercial jurisprudence: breach of contracts, serious personal hurt ) , the Family Division ( acceptance, divorce, etc. ) . Claimant/plaintiff lt ; # 8211 ; gt ; suspect. Civil instances: most are minor, settled in Small Claims Court ( affecting amount of money lt ; # 163 ; 5,000 ) , by a territory justice, if he decides that you are right can present costs and normally compensation / amendss. The more serious affair ( e.g. auto ) # 8211 ; to the County tribunal ( circuit justice # 8211 ; travels to the topographic point ) . You # 8217 ; d be represented by a canvasser or a barrister, if the instance is serious ( e.g. route accident and person was severely injured ) . If you are disgruntled # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( Civil Division ) . Condemnable instances: Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, works under the counsel of the Attorney-General. Crown Prosecution Service sends barristers andcanvassers. 3 types of offenses: 1 ) sum-up offenses ( 95 % ) # 8211 ; e.g. motoring offenses, dealt with in Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunals ( Justice of the Peace ) # 8211 ; 3 people, ordinary citizens, chosen by the community, appointed by the Lord Chancellor on recommendations by local groups ; unpaid, non professional attorneies ( put magistrates ) , without any jury # 8211 ; so advised on points of jurisprudence and process by a particular lawfully qualified clerk. Magistrates # 8217 ; tribunal can condemn to less than 6 month imprisonment or a all right of less than # 163 ; 5,000, if more serious # 8211 ; direct to the Crown Court. 2 ) Offense triable either manner ( e.g. auto larceny ) # 8211 ; pick belongs to the suspect, decides either should be heard by ballad magistrates or the Crown Court. 3 ) Chargeable offenses ( e.g. robbery, at the point of the gun or knife ) # 8211 ; merely in the Crown Court, presided by High Court Judges ( full-time circuit Judgess ) with a jury of 12 people ( jurymans ) . Crown Courts besides hear the instances from Magistrates. If dissatisfied # 8211 ; to the Court of Appeal ( the Criminal Division ) . Verdict is reached by the jury, after they have heard. Jury # 8211 ; local people ( constitutional responsibility ) . The justice sits in the tribunal room, makes certain that the test is decently conducted. Counsel for prosecution, for Defense. The justice ~ ushers, helps the jury to make the finding of fact. Person is presumed to be guiltless unless the prosecution can turn out guilt above all sensible uncertainty. Convicted, acquitted, recessed. Offenses: slaying, manslaughter, colza, assault, assault and battery, incendiarism, robbery, burglary, larceny, mugging, shrinkage, snatch, peculation, graft, counterfeit, bearing false witness, slander, libel, blackmail, maltreatment of power/confidence, disorderly behavior, hurrying. Punishment: mulct, imprisonment, community service, probation ( study to a particular probation officer ) , remand in detention, remand on bond, to allow, deny bond, release on word ; decease punishment abolished in 1969. The age of condemnable duty 10 old ages. For kids # 8211 ; Juvenile Court ( youth tribunal ) , 15 old ages peak age: let to populate within the household, under particular supervising, take into local authorization attention ( in a community place ) , attend particular school, live with surrogate parents, community service. Lawyers. Solicitors # 8211 ; the lower class, may cover with public, barristers # 8211 ; can non near public. A individual # 8211 ; gt ; canvasser # 8211 ; gt ; barrister # 8211 ; speaks in tribunal. Solicitor speaks in the Magistrates # 8217 ; Courts. Law society # 8211 ; for canvassers, the Bar # 8211 ; for barristers. Queen # 8217 ; s Counsels ( QC ) # 8211 ; in of import instances. No particular preparation for Judgess, Lord Chancellor decides who is to be a justice, chooses barristers. 9. The category system of modern Britain: the enlargement of the in-between category, category mobility, the upper categories, the outgrowth of a new lower class, the chief causes of this, the British impression of professional categories, the perceptual experience of category system and category struggle in modern society 1990 # 8217 ; s: upper category 1 % , upper middle 3 % , in-between 16 % , lower in-between 25 % , skilled working 25 % , unskilled working 17 % , underclass 13 % . A market characteristic of last 3 decennaries of 20thcentury # 8211 ; major enlargement of the in-between category. In 1900 75 % of manual workers, in 1991 # 8211 ; 36 % . 2mln occupations created in the professional and managerial Fieldss, works became more skilled and the service sector grew well ; mean income grew, so today much of the working category population can afford a in-between category life manner. Thatcher made 2/3 of population house-owners by selling council houses for give-away monetary values, overpowering bulk have a bank history or a edifice society history ; share-holders due to the denationalization of province companies in 1980 # 8217 ; s. Traditionally working at a works was considered on the job category, but basically in-between category # 8211 ; a batch of mobility between center, lower cen ter and working categories. Least mobility in upper category, in lower class # 8211 ; another consequence of Thatcher # 8217 ; s policies ( abolished full-employment ) . 1 % ain # 188 ; of the state # 8217 ; s wealth ; heritage, spread around the household to minimise the consequence of revenue enhancement. Young people # 8211 ; professionals, like civil retainers, attorneies, armed forced # 8211 ; during Thatcher # 8217 ; s period, a batch of them moved from the public service to the private sector, because of wages. In 1964 people were asked if there was category battle # 8211 ; 48 % # 8220 ; yes # 8221 ; , in 1995 # 8211 ; 81 % . 10. Historic state houses as portion of British national heritage: the development of attitudes from the mid-19th century to the present twenty-four hours. The function of the chief blue households, the National Trust and the authorities in the saving of the state houses Until early 19thcentury # 8211 ; private houses of the nobility. Their function as national heritage began so. The Victorian thought # 8211 ; Tudor and Jacobean houses, contrasted to the 18the century houses which considered not-English, cosmopolite. A author Nash published a book about them, everybody could see. Started going a batch, one of the most popular interests, + railways ( 1825 ) , all categories excepting working categories. Few proprietors needed fiscal part, so no fee ( merely in 3-4 houses ) . In 2ndhalf of the 19thcentury # 8211 ; alteration, friendly attitude broken, general populace began to be called anti-intellectuals ( commercialism, urbanisation, amenitiess ) . Middle category # 8211 ; widely distributed resorts ( Nice, Biarritz # 8211 ; tone was set by Edward, Victoria # 8217 ; s boy ) . In European states # 8211 ; opposite. In Jan 1895 # 8211 ; a charitable trust was set up, the National Trust ( 1stpresident # 8211 ; Duke of Westminster ) . Accepted gifts from people who cared, bought houses by public subscription, rank fees. Bought merely ~60 houses. The 2nd group of people # 8211 ; proprietors themselves # 8211 ; savages. Didn # 8217 ; t want to keep. Deep agribusiness depression, monetary values of land fell, grain monetary values fell, = gt ; economic and political power suffered terrible blows, land and money more of import than houses and contents, big houses were really expensive to keep # 8211 ; found purchasers, or redecorated, destructing his torical characteristics. In 1894 # 8211 ; decease responsibility introduced, this ruined many blue households. The 3rd group # 8211 ; little, about fringy # 8211 ; aesthetes, criticized anti-intellectuals and savages. Between the WW # 8211 ; public rating continued to deteriorate, sing stopped, closed, abandoned or demolished. Urbanization of the state # 8211 ; landholders began to sell land ( decease responsibility # 8211 ; 50 % ) , ~ 1/5 of landholders fell out of the category. While they could sell lands, cipher needed houses, they could be bough # 8220 ; for a vocal # 8221 ; . Lots demolished, tonss sold to assorted establishments, like public schools, colleges, young person inns. After WWII # 8211 ; alteration, trade with the authorities ( schools, or shop houses for national art aggregations ) ; if non # 8211 ; to suit military personnels. Besides # 8211 ; one time is taken # 8211 ; no decease responsibility. Everybody felt there was no hereafter for the state houses life, tonss demolished, sold, needed for schools, infirmaries. Late 50 # 8217 ; s-60 # 8217 ; s period of turning land monetary values, many landholders became multimillionaires. Then a group was formed # 8220 ; heritage in danger # 8221 ; . Tax freedom for of import plants of art, edifices, stretches of land. Owners were allowed to set their belongings in â€Å"maintenance funds† – controlled by the household, but treated as public organic structures. Apply for care grants – historic edifice council. Nowadays # 8211 ; 1: in private owned houses # 8211 ; HHA ( historic houses association ) , in best status. 2: owned by the National Trust ( rank fee, but sing free ) . 3: owned by the Government, 1984 English heritage set up, organisation funded by the Government, shells # 8211 ; nil indoors, or ruins. There is Secretary in the Cabinet for English Heritage. Besides purchasing # 8211 ; grants export licence to take it out of the state, administers Historic Buildings Council grants. 4: institutional usage, e.g. Warwick Castle # 8211 ; Mme Tussaud # 8217 ; s. British History 1. Name the encroachers who came to the British Isles before the Norman Conquest. The Celts ( 700 BC ) , the Romans ( 55, 54 BC Caesar ; 44, 77 AD Agricola ) , the Scotts from Ireland, the Picts from far north, the Anglo-Saxons ( 6thcentury ) , the Vikings ( Danes, Norwegians, Swedes ) 2. Who were the Druids? The ancient Gaelic priests and instructors, spiritual leaders, before Christianity. 3. What is Hadrian s Wall? A rock wall which the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered to be built across the North of England in 122 Ad from the E seashore to the West, in order to support Roman Britain from onslaught by northern folks. Every 15 stat mis # 8211 ; garrison. In Northumberland. 4. What do the words Danelaw and Danegeld base for? Area conquered by the Danes, money ( ransom ) paid to the encroachers. 5. What do you cognize about the conflict of Hastings? 14 Oct 1066, the Norman King William the Conqueror defeated the ground forces of the English King Harold. 6. Trace the history of spiritual on the British Isles up to the concluding transition to Christianity. Druids, pagan religion, # 8211 ; gt ; pagan Romans, eradicated Druids, # 8211 ; gt ; 391 Theodosius ordered the closing of all heathen temples, # 8211 ; gt ; 597 Pope Gregory sent mission to change over Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine # 8211 ; missional ; monasteries, churches, by 8thcentury Christianized. 7. What changes did the Romans bring to Britain? Introduction of towns, baths in each, aqueducts, drainage, sewerage, walls against invasions, armed cantonments, Villas, introduces some veggies and fruits. 8. When was England portion of a Norse Empire? The Angevin Empire? 11thcent. 1154 terminal of the 14thcentury. 9. Remark on the beginning of names like Gloucester, Worcester, Essex, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday. Gloucester, Worcester # 8211 ; # 8220 ; castra # 8221 ; intending the armed cantonment ( lat. ) , Essex # 8211 ; east Saxons, Thursday # 8211 ; Vikings # 8217 ; strongest God of boom Thor, Friday # 8211 ; Freya # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours. 10. Which languages of Britain are of Celtic beginning? Gaelic, Erse ( Scots and Irish ) , Welsh, Irish. 11. What historical significance does the Bayeux Tapestry hold? A tapestry ( big piece of heavy woven cloth ) 70m long, made in Bayeux ( France ) in 11th-12thcenturies, whose images tell the narrative of the Norman Conquest. 12. When was Westminster Abbey built? Rebuilt? 11thcentury, 13thcentury. 13. In what papers is the narrative of the Viking invasion told? The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 14. What is Witenagemot? The council of the aristocracy and top clergy in 10thcentury. 15. What was the capital of Anglo-Saxon and early Norman England? Winchester. 16. How was the royal family expected to be financed in the medieval times? When did this pattern terminal? The male monarch was believed to be the richest landholder, expected to populate off his ain. Then system of revenue enhancement # 8211 ; the knights were encouraged to remain in their manors and better, pay revenue enhancements, instead than function the male monarch at the tribunal. Ended when the Civil List was introduced, money was given by the Parliament. 17. When was test by jury introduced? How did it work? 12thcentury, jurymans were the informants themselves. Cipher could be convicted unless jurymans swore that there was the instance against person. 18. In what war was the conflict of Crecy fought? What was its consequence? The Hundred Years War. 1356. Prince of Wales ( Black Prince ) defeated the Gallic. 19. What papers was signed at Runneymede? In what twelvemonth? What were its commissariats? Magna Charta, 1215. ~ 1stEnglish fundamental law, lay down the foundation of the authorities, 60 articles. Most of import # 8211 ; no free adult male was to be arrested, imprisoned except by the jurisprudence of land ( given of artlessness ) ; no revenue enhancement should be introduced without the blessing of thee Council. Privileges to boroughs # 8211 ; charted town, guaranteed freedom of metropoliss. 20. What are the campaigns? 8 wars led by Christian European male monarchs in the 11th, 12thand 13thcenturies to acquire control of Palestine from the Muslims, since both sides believed that Palestine was a holy land in their faith. 21. How and when did Parliament emerge in England? 13thcentury # 8211 ; 1265. Great councils more and more frequently, representatives from shires, towns came to meetings. In 1350 divided into HL and HC. 22. How was the feudal system organized under William the Conqueror? Brought 170 tenants-in-chief, 5,000 knights. The honor ( land ) # 8211 ; to tenants-in-chief, manors # 8211 ; to knights. Governing category # 8211 ; renters, knights ( aristocracy category ) , bishops ( appointed by the King ) . William gave orders to renters, they to knights. Common people belonged to the knights. 23. Why did the Hundred Years War start? How did it stop? 1337-1453. Attempt to repossess the Angevin Empire, tried to maintain control of lands in France. The Gallic won and forced the English to go forth France. 24. What is the Domesday Book? The record of all the lands in England, demoing their size, value, ownership, etc. , made in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror. 25. What do you cognize about Thomas Becket? The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was killed by Henry II # 8217 ; s soldiers ( 1170 ) in Canterbury Cathedral ( # 8220 ; Who will free me of this turbulent priest? # 8221 ; ) . Becket was his friend. He was appointed Lord Chancellor, so became the Archbishop and began to claim estates from the baronial people as being Church belongings. Then he declared that no power, but himself should name a priest to any church in England. Henry II tried to cut down the power of the Church. They quarreled, so Becket resigned and changed life styles to humbleness and self-denial, went to France for 6 old ages. 26. What are the royal regalia? Ceremonial apparels and ornaments. Crown, sceptre, eyeball, + blade of province. 27. Who is Wolsey? An English Cardinal, and politician who was rich and powerful, but lost power after neglecting to carry the Pope to let Henry VIII to disassociate Catherine of Aragon. Accused of high lese majesty, died merely in clip. 28. When and how were the feudal system and the power of the mediaeval aristocracy broken? 15thcentury. Continuous contending among the baronial people, the Wars of the Roses ( civil war ) , physically wiped out, and common people stayed off from contending. Battle of Bosworth, 1485 # 8211 ; terminal of mediaeval England. 29. What character in English history was called the King-maker? Why? During the Wars of the Roses, Earl of Warwick, decided to interfere, and Edward IV became the male monarch with his aid. 30. What do you cognize about Thomas More? An English politician and author, he was the King # 8217 ; s advisor, Lord Chancellor, but when he opposed the King # 8217 ; s divorce and refused to accept him as the caput of the Church of England, was put in prison and beheaded. 31. Name the chief Tudor male monarchs. What was the success of the Tudor regulation based on? Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I. Absolute monarchy, set manners in every field of public life, felt public sentiment, gave rise to a new elite # 8211 ; the aristocracy, trade flourished, avoided expensive wars. 32. How did the Church of England emerge? In 1527 Henry VIII wanted to remarry ( Catherine of Aragon # 8211 ; gt ; Anne Boleyn ) , the Pope didn # 8217 ; t admit his divorce ( was influenced by the Spanish male monarch, Catherine # 8217 ; s nephew ) , in 1533 broke off with Vatican, announced himself a supreme caput of the Church of England. 33. Who is Thomas Cranmer? What is he best remembered for? The Archbishop of Canterbury, foremost after the creative activity of C of E, one of the leaders of Reformation. Granted the King his divorce. 34. The causes, two chief periods and the consequences of the Wars of the Roses. Dynastic crisis, Plantagenets perished, the competition between House of Lancasters and House of Yorks led to the civil war ( 1455-1485 ) . The Battle of St. Albans ( 1455 ) # 8211 ; Richard of York ( won ) versus Henry VI. Queen Margaret ( 1960 ) # 8211 ; Lancaster. Edward IV ( York ) . Richard III. 1485 Henry VII Tudor. The Battle of Bosworth. End of mediaeval England, rise of new elite, Tudors came to the throne. 35. Who is William Cecil? Elizabeth # 8217 ; s advisor, secretary. She had a good endowment in taking advisors in opinion. Cecils were common mans, but she made him Lord Burleigh. 36. What do you cognize about the disintegration of monasteries? Its societal effects. In the beginning of 1530s in England were approximately 800 Catholic monasteries. 1536-1540 all the monasteries were closed, the lands and properties passed to the male monarch # 8217 ; s exchequer. Then the male monarch sold the lands to gentry, it created a immense landowning category, which had political influence until the 19thcentury. 37. How did the inside of and service in the English church alteration as a consequence of the constitution of the Church of England? 1549 # 8211 ; Book of Common Prayer, retained much of Catholic pattern, including mass. More extremist ( 1552 ) # 8211 ; Catholic mass disappeared, introduced punishment. 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Uniformity. Service of the Holly Communion replaced the mass, Morning Prayer said in English, Psalm vocalizing, vicar delivered discourse from the dais. Before appealed to the oculus, now to the ear. Appearance of churches changed # 8211 ; interior about bare, Royal Arms alternatively of the image of Jesus Christ, relics, communion table, pix gone, walls whitewashed, no pictures, reverends wore surplice. Abolition of church music. 38. What character in English history is called Bloody Mary ? Why? Mary, girl of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Wanted to change over the state to Catholicism. Lots of executing ( Thomas Cranmer ) , reign was about a catastrophe, unsuccessful war with France. 39. In what papers is the philosophy of the Anglican Church contained? When was the concluding version of it adopted? How did the philosophy develop from Henry VIII to Elizabeth? 42 Articles of Faith 1552 by Cranmer. In 1562 # 8211 ; modified to 39, and in 1571 was imposed by the Parliament as the philosophy of C of E # 8211 ; till presents. More extremist but proved to be the aureate mean, meant different for different people. 40. What does Elizabethan religious colony imply? Protestants wanted to travel farther, to Calvinism, Catholics to continue Catholicism. She was a Protestant, but non spiritual, didn # 8217 ; t care much ; motivated by political grounds had to come back to the C of E. In 1559 # 8211 ; Act of Supremacy ( eventually abolished foreign intervention in English ecclesiastical personal businesss ) . Act of Uniformity ( 1559 ) . She wanted moderate Protestantism, but bulk wanted more extremist signifier. Under force per unit area in 1552 issued the 2ndPrayer Book, which was more extremist than she wanted. 41. Elizabeth versus Mary Stuart. Mary was the Queen of Scotland ( Elizabeth # 8217 ; s cousin ) . She has been married to the Dauphin, the inheritor of the Gallic male monarch. As the Roman Church neer recognized the matrimony ( Henry VIII A ; Anne Boleyn ) , she claimed the English Crown. Mary was accused of slaying of her 2nd hubby and was imprisoned, signed her stepping down, so managed to get away to England. Elizabeth didn # 8217 ; t want Mary to be executed. Mary spent in prison 19 old ages, so executed for high lese majesty. 42. Elizabethan foreign policies and their consequence on the exchequer. England was non a great power, European states dominated. England in secret did injury to them ( pirates # 8211 ; got a batch of money to the exchequer, so she didn # 8217 ; t penalize them ) , and aided the Netherlands against Spain. Philip II, the Spanish King and # 8220 ; bloody # 8221 ; Mary # 8217 ; s hubby, besides back uping Mary Stuart # 8211 ; conflicted with Elizabeth. Sent fleet to get the better of England, but England won the Invincible Armada and became the Mistress of the Seas. Financial jobs, Elizabeth considered to be really miserly. 43. The chief causes of the struggle between King and Parliament in the mid-17th century. 2 chief jobs when Stuarts replaced Tudors # 8211 ; spiritual and fiscal. Lack of money in the exchequer, the Parliament refused to present any ordinary revenue enhancement. James I got rid of the Parliament. Besides James stated that Puritanism in his state couldn # 8217 ; t be tolerated. 44. In what war was the conflict of Naseby fought? 14th June 1645. The First Civil War. The first licking of monarchists. 45. Name the Stuart male monarchs and Queenss. James I, Charles I. After Restoration Charles II, James II, Mary II, William III, Queen Anne. 46. What do you cognize about Guy Fawkes? The Gunpowder Plot. 5th November 1605. He wanted to blow up the Parliament, when the King, the Lords and the Commons should be at that place. The Plot was disclosed, Fawkes imprisoned, found guilty, executed. 47. What event is normally referred to as Regicide? How popular and lawful was it? The executing of Charles I. Peoples considered this to be a atrocious event because they believed him to be lord-anointed. He was convicted non by the tribunal of jurisprudence but by a legislative assembly. 48. Under what fortunes was it possible for English male monarchs to govern without Parliament? What kings did it? When was this eventually stopped? James I got rid of the Parliament. Charles I besides. When Charles I had to cite the Parliament because he needed money severely ( Scotts invaded the state and demanded money, to forestall from active war ) # 8211 ; summoned the Long Parliament. It started go throughing Torahs # 8211 ; no disintegration of the Parliament without its consent, no type of revenue enhancement without its consent, king able to cite the Parliament when wanted, but at least in 3 old ages. 49. What events took topographic point in England between 1642 and 1649? In 1642 the King went to the North to piece the ground forces to contend with the Parliament. Cipher wanted the war but the opportunity for via media was lost, Charles refused to get rid of the royal privileges, so the war was inevitable. The Parliament created the # 8220 ; New Model Army # 8221 ; which defeated the Royal Army. Charles was captured but fled to the Isle of Wight, so arrested, set on test, executed ( 1649 ) . 50. What period is called the Personal Rule? How did it stop? 1629-1640, Charles I, had jobs with money, wanted to avoid wars, to raise money by royal privileges, granted new monopolies, remembered old revenue enhancements, conflicted with the Parliament and eventually he didn # 8217 ; t summon. Peace with France and Spain, commercial prosperity. Ended with 2 civil wars and executing. 51. Who are Cavaliers and Roundheads? Cavaliers were the people, largely aristocracy, who supported the King during the English Civil War. Roundheads, largely puritans, aristocracy, # 8211 ; supported the Parliament. 52. What do you cognize about Inigo Jones? A British designer, who was the spouse of Charles I ( who was the frequenter of humanistic disciplines ) . Designed many of import edifices, clairvoyance. in London. He was the first individual to present the Italian Palladian manner. Besides designed scenery for the theater. 53. Why are the events of 1642 1649 sometimes referred to as the Puritan revolution? What were its consequences? Because the Parliament consisted chiefly of Puritans. They criticized the C of E, were persecuted for this, they wanted to acquire rid of all remains of Catholicism. Results # 8211 ; extreme Puritans did off with the C of E and set new political system, the Republic. 54. What period in English history do we name the Protectorate? The period after Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Parliament and proclaimed the Protectorate, presuming the rubric of Lord-Protector. 5 old ages ( 1653-1658 ) . Then his boy Richard, boulder clay 1659. 55. When and between what states was the War for the Spanish Succession fought? What were its consequences? In 1701-1713, England ( + Holland ) , France and Spain # 8211 ; for the Spanish throne after the Spanish King # 8217 ; decease. England won, got Minorca, Gibraltar, Newfoundland. Gallic enlargement stopped. 56. Why are the events of 1689 called either the Glorious or the Unexpected revolution? What were the effects? James II conflicted with the Parliament, the 2 parties decided to take James and ask for his girl with her hubby William of Orange. James fled to France, people didn # 8217 ; t object. No blood, no resistance, no conflicts. Absolutism in England came to its terminal, England became limited monarchy. 57. What does the term Restoration base for? No parliament, no stableness, and at last the monarchists invited Charles II ( Charles I # 8217 ; s boy ) to go the King in 1660. 58. What function did the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough drama in English history? John Churchill for his triumphs in the War for the Spanish Succession ( the conflict of Blenheim ) got the rubric of Duke of Marlborough, was granted the land. His married woman Sarah Jennings was the Queen # 8217 ; s front-runner. 59. Who are the Dissenters? Members of one of the Protestant groups that separated from the C of E, refused to accept the philosophy of the established church. 60. When did the party system emerge? What were the first parties, how did the system alteration with old ages? 1670 # 8217 ; s. foremost there were two parties # 8211 ; Tory ( tribunal party that supported the King ) and Whigs ( who supported the Parliament # 8211 ; state / aristocracy, wanted reforms ) . 61. When did the King go king-in-Parliament? What did it intend? 1694, William of Orange, III. He ruled under certain conditions: accepted the Bill of Rights ( no standing ground forces, no Torahs without parliament # 8217 ; s consent ) , the Act of Settlement ( no Catholic win ) . Didn # 8217 ; t regulation on his ain, but a portion of the Parliament. 62. When was the Civil List foremost introduced? In William of Orange # 8217 ; s reign, 1698. The Parliament started giving money for maintaining king # 8217 ; s family, so that he couldn # 8217 ; t fade out it. 63. Who are the Hanovers? After the Queen Ann # 8217 ; s decease there was a alteration of dynasty, because she didn # 8217 ; Ts have kids. George I was from German, but James I # 8217 ; s remote comparative. 64. How and when did the office of the Prime Minister arise? What did the office imply? Who was the first PM? 1720 # 8217 ; s. The first PM was Robert Walpole, he became the King # 8217 ; s representative in the HC. 65. What were the chief periods of the reign of George III? The first period 1760-1789, believed in an absolute monarchy, was an idealistic politician. When the settlements in America got independency, the Whigs returned to power. Besides after the Gallic Revolution, England felt that it was a great menace. After the War with Napoleon, the triumph, he got national regard. The monarchy began to alter. 66. Who are the Black Prince, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Prince of Wales? The Black Prince was the Prince of Wales, during the Hundred Years War he defeated the Gallic. Bonnie Prince Charlie # 8211 ; the grandson of James II, believed to hold the right to be the king alternatively of George II. The Prince of Wales is the eldest boy of the King / Queen, started when Wales joined England in Edward I # 8216 ; s reign. 67. What period is called the regulation of the elite ? How did the political system work? When and why did it stop? The period of Whigs # 8217 ; opinion, during the reign of George I and II, the state was efficaciously controlled by the curates ( Robert Walpole # 8211 ; the caput ) . It ended with the accession of George III ( who was brought up in England ) ; he subjugated the Parliament. 68. What event is called the Boston Tea Party ? A protest in Boston in 1773 against the British revenue enhancement on tea, when tea was thrown from the ship into the H2O in the Boston Harbour. This is considered to be the event that started the American Revolutionary War. 69. What period is referred to as Regency? Why was it necessary? The period 1811-1820 when the state was ruled by the Prince Regent ( George IV ) , because the King himself was mentally sick. 70. When was the first British Empire created? When did it stop? Created after the triumph in the War for the Spanish Succession. It ended in 1783 when the settlements in America became independent. 71. Who is William Pitt the Younger? What function did he play? He was the caput of the fraction of the Whig Party, George III preferred him, became the PM # 8211 ; great stableness, support of both King and the Parliament. 72. Who were the heroes of the wars against Napoleon? Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon several times, the conflict of Trafalgar, he was fatally wounded ; Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 73. How did the look to run into one s Waterloo originate? Bonaparte was eventually defeated in the conflict of Waterloo in 1815. 74. The alterations in the nature of monarchy and the opinion elite in the early nineteenth century. The Monarchy became the symbol of the state # 8217 ; s integrity. After the war with Napoleon. Great proud. The governing elect underwent great alteration. Peoples meriting regard # 8211 ; non merely birth and belongings, but industry and morality. A position that wealth and rank meant responsibility, private morality. Political power based on birth and belongings. 75. What is the Great Reform Bill? Why was it necessary and what were its chief commissariats? It was a measure which gave a vote right to more societal groups and large metropoliss were now represented in the Parliament. Necessary # 8211 ; because industrial metropoliss emerged and they had no representatives. 76. What were the chief characteristics of Victorian society and authorities? The state was efficaciously ruled by the PMs, who were elected from the party that got the bulk in the Parliament. 2ndReform Bill in 1867 ( blue regulation declined ) , electorate doubled, secret ballot introduced. Society: category division formed but no confrontation. Fiscal independency, reputability, philanthropic gift, difficult work, seriousness. Police force created, public wellness, instruction for the lower categories. Free unregulated market. 77. The extension of franchise after the Great Reform Act of 1832, its effects. Every 5threceived a ballot. Redistribution of seats. Now large metropoliss were represented, belongings making for campaigners. Social effect # 8211 ; tied the in-between category to the blue bloods. 78. What was the function of Prince Albert in British history? He was the Prince-Consort, was non fit for concern, but had good influence on the immature queen. He was interested in humanistic disciplines, music, scientific discipline and industry, planned and organized the Great Exhibition in 1851. Many edifices are named after him. 79. What were the two chief parties in the Victorian age and who were their most outstanding leaders? Tory # 8211 ; gt ; Conservatives ( Disraeli ) , Whigs # 8211 ; gt ; Liberal ( Gladstone ) . They alternated. 80. When did authorities societal policy originate? What countries did it cover? Social reforms in Victorian reign # 8211 ; public wellness, instruction for all kids, province undertook the responsibility to supply schools, school attending became mandatory, simple instruction free. 81. What is the Boer War? The war in South Africa against 2 Boer democracies ( Transvaal and Orange Free State ) , made them a portion of the British Empire. Huge loss of life, Britain became unpopular in Europe. 82. What period do we name Edwardian? What were its typical characteristics? The reign of Edward VII. Society became cosmopolitan, new wealth was added to the old wealth of great landowning households ( from Victorian clip ) . Appearance of the Labour Party, societal reforms. Crisis, suffragette motion. Poverty and unemployment. Irish inquiry. 83. What do you cognize about the People s Budget? Was introduced by David Lloyd George. It was designed to pay the costs of societal public assistance and naval rearmament. But the Lords rejected the undertaking in 1909. 84. What were the effects of WWI on British society? Had really of import effects, affected everyone, traumatized the whole coevals, nil was the same after it. It had provided the juncture for monolithic governmental experiments in economic endeavor, in insurance. It was the urge for societal and economical alteration. Rising unemployment. Rise of Labour Party and diminution of Liberals. Very extended plan of societal reforms # 8211 ; Liberals failed to react. 85. The rise and autumn of the Second British Empire. 1850 the 2nd British Empire, India added, exceeded the 1st. During the period from 1940 to 1980 old ages more than 40 British settlements became independent. Remained friendly with Britain, most of them # 8211 ; gt ; the Commonwealth. 86. When did authorities economic policy Begin? After the WWI, the Government started supporting the place market by presenting protectionist duties. 87. When did the Labour party emerge? How did it later alter the party system? The alterations in the Labour programme at the terminal of the twentieth century, their chief cause. Emerged in 1906. In 1920 # 8217 ; s rose and replaced the Liberal Party. Was traditionally the socialist party, but in 1980-90 # 8217 ; s changed and travel towards the political centre ( New Labour ) . 88. What were the chief effects of WWII? The economic system declined, there was nil to export, no money for import. Britain was efficaciously a totalitarian province, the Government had limitless power, rationing introduced, luxuries had 100 % revenue enhancement on them, everyone of contending age was conscripted, retainers disappeared. Defeat of Conservatives and triumph of the Labour Party. 89. What function did Mrs. Simpson, a divorced American, drama in English history? Wallis Simpson, had a relationship with Edward VIII. Because she had already been married twice earlier, Edward was non allowed to get married her. Then he decided to renounce, she became the Duchess of Windsor. 90. What is a Welfare province? When was it created? What does the term Welfare mean today? State with a system of societal aid provided by the province, giving money to people who are hapless or unemployed, supplying medical attention. 1945-51. The section of societal security. 91. What is meant by the epoch of consensus ? 92. What is Affluent Society? Affluent society, which was created by enlargement of the in-between category. In 1990 # 8217 ; s the society was defined by a prosperity that involved the bulk of people. 93. What events are sometimes referred to as The Winter of Discontent ? The winter of 1978-79 when many workers refused to work in protest against the Labour authorities # 8217 ; s thought on restricting wage rises. The Labour party lost power after this. 94. What events are called The Battle of Britain ? The battles between German and Britain aircraft during the summer and fall of 1940, when British aircraft tried to forestall German aircraft from bombing British metropoliss. The bombardment was stopped at the terminal of 1940 and it was considered as a great triumph. Main consequence # 8211 ; prevented from invasion. 95. Why was Thatcher s period in office called a revolution? What did she intend when she proclaimed a return to Victorian values? Changed a batch, reduced revenue enhancements, took away power from trade brotherhoods, started the programme of denationalization, and created immense in-between category. Free market. Everybody should work hard, be earnest, thrifty, and independent.