The Jerry Springer Show Essay -- essays research papers

Television has come a long way from the first black and white silent show to its current craze, which happens to be the television dialogue shows. In the nineteen eighties, the daytime airwaves were monopolised by soap operas and game shows but the trend gradually evolved to talk shows towards the nineties. Being before my time, look appears to imply that the talk show intrusion of our airwaves all seemed to start with the originals such as Geraldo Riveria, Donahue and Sally Jesse Rafael. Surprisingly though, some of the morality and the topics remain somewhat like throughout the years, such as the improvement of society and the quality of life often show on shows like the Oprah Winfrey Show and the Montel Williams Show. As we approach the darker realms of talk shows, we come to talk shows such as the Jerry Springer show. At first impression, one may get the inherent idea that the show is basically is exploiting the misfortune and troubles of real life people who do not live the blessed lives that we imagine up in our ideal minds. There is no doubt to me at all that the main aim of such shows is to exploit the lives of these misfits and the more dirt the producers get, the higher their ratings. But unfortunately, it is ironic that when the decrease in societys morals is highlighted in each episode Springer airs the producers are getting richer. Looking deeper at the show, we can safely say that the show is based mainly on relationships betwixt people. Morality is first pu...

The 1920’s: a time of autonomy and responsibility Essay -- Essays Pape

The 1920s a time of autonomy and responsibility The twentieth vitamin C is coming to a close and it has been a time of sorrow, innovation, and progress. The decades have come and gone and with events like the civil rights movement, the world wars, and the roaring mid-twenties this century will be one that is definitely remembered. All of these events questioned peoples values, especially the values of autonomy and responsibility. The event that is to be looked at on this foliate is the roaring twenties and how the governments and citizens actions smoothened these values in both positive and blackball ways. The areas of socialness, literature, The Mafia, prohibition, the government, and the parsimoniousness are all areas that will be focused on to demonstrate these positive and negative reflections. The group members individually looked at these areas and put together information on the actions of the people in these areas and if they were autonomous, responsible, or bo th. The first area that will be discussed on this page is the social aspects of the 1920s. Jen Manno specifically chose the areas of music, theater, youth, and the flappers for her concentration. The social aspects of the 1920s strongly support autonomy and the ability to make your own decisions. The youth were governed by themselves and the in occasion was to be independent and expressing your own personal attitudes. In the social realm, no one cared about being responsible, all they wanted to do was have variation and do whatever they had to do in order to achieve that. The second area that will be displayed on this page is the literature of the twenties. Liz Sobieski will reflect on George S. Schuler and his play The Yellow Peril, The Great Gatsby,... ... this behavior and questions. If there ever was a conflict between autonomy and responsibility, it came during Prohibition. The whole idea of this period was the flagitious shipping, buying, and drinking of al cohol, which reflects manys definition of responsibility and right and wrong. Theodore Roosevelt brought about the Square Deal and fought for what he thought was right therefore, displaying his ability to act responsible. The final topic that we discussed was the economy of the twenties and many invested in the stock market. Many thought that buying stock was there responsibility and the right thing to do however, peoples overconfidence in the reliability of the stock market caused many to lose many material things. The activities of the Twenties are full of right and wrong and through the explanation of the writers of this page that is brought out and proved.

The Severe Effect of Global Warming Essay -- essays research papers

globular WarmingWhen we think of world-wide calefacient, we think about Air pollution, rise of temperature, melting glaciers, coulomb dioxide emissions and so no. But even off though we chouse that these factors could lead to a global catastrophe, very often we do not realize what king of disgusting effect the global warming could have on our planet. Imagine that you atomic number 18 placed into the future. It is some where around 2050. You begin to live in this new world, plainly the planet is not the analogous any more. You hear about huge storms over much of the North America that cause severe damage and flooding. San Francisco, vernal York City, Miami, Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal all experience study flooding from the ocean level having risen so high. Thousands and thousands of people die each summer across the world as the temperature soars to 65 C for 2 weeks straight. No, this is not total fantasy. All of these events could really occur over less then half a c entury. All of them are results of one problem the global warming. It is a huge issue with many consequences. People just do not realize that all of these events could occur if the fulfil is not taken. If we work together, and conjoin our efforts we coffin nail let on the global warming. (Thesis) It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else will modify the outcome. *What is global warming Global warming is the increase in the temperature on average during the extended period of time. It has been first noticed by the scientist some time around 1980s. Since then often of studies were made about this issue. Scientists from around the world have come to a conclusion that the climate on the Earth is changing. Our planet is continually being warm by different sources suc... ...go up. Cleaning a dirty air conditioner filter can save 5% of the energy used. In North America 40,000 pounds of carbon dioxide is released per person every year. W e can decrease that number by simply not wasting the energy resources that we take pass water the nature. Since the peoples actions have caused global warming, our actions can also help reduce this threat.(climax) Anyone can help by taking personal action and encouraging the people in your community to do the same. We should stop looking at the global warming as at the prediction. It is already happening right now. The problem is not new. We know it is still happening, so why is it still happening?(Chiasmus) We could not afford to let it happened Global warming is a time bomb, a race against time.(Metaphor) In order to will this evoke we need to be together, to save out planet for the future generations. The Severe Effect of Global Warming Essay -- essays investigate papersGlobal WarmingWhen we think of global warming, we think about Air pollution, rise of temperature, melting glaciers, carbon dioxide emissions and so no. But even though we know that these fact ors could lead to a global catastrophe, very often we do not realize what king of severe effect the global warming could have on our planet. Imagine that you are placed into the future. It is some where around 2050. You begin to live in this new world, but the planet is not the same any more. You hear about huge storms over much of the North America that cause severe damage and flooding. San Francisco, New York City, Miami, Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal all experience major flooding from the ocean level having risen so high. Thousands and thousands of people die each summer across the world as the temperature soars to 65 C for 2 weeks straight. No, this is not total fantasy. All of these events could really occur over less then half a century. All of them are results of one problem the global warming. It is a huge issue with many consequences. People just do not realize that all of these events could occur if the action is not taken. If we work together, and unite our efforts we can stop the global warming. (Thesis) It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which, more than anything else will affect the outcome. *What is global warming Global warming is the increase in the temperature on average during the extended period of time. It has been first noticed by the scientist some time around 1980s. Since then lots of studies were made about this issue. Scientists from around the world have come to a conclusion that the climate on the Earth is changing. Our planet is continually being warmed by different sources suc... ...go up. Cleaning a dirty air conditioner filter can save 5% of the energy used. In North America 40,000 pounds of carbon dioxide is released per person every year. We can decrease that number by simply not wasting the energy resources that we take form the nature. Since the peoples actions have caused global warming, our actions can also help reduce this threat.(climax) Anyone can help by taking personal action and encouraging t he people in your community to do the same. We should stop looking at the global warming as at the prediction. It is already happening right now. The problem is not new. We know it is still happening, so why is it still happening?(Chiasmus) We could not afford to let it happened Global warming is a time bomb, a race against time.(Metaphor) In order to will this raise we need to be together, to save out planet for the future generations.

Justifying the Iraq War :: Politics Wars Middle East Bush Iraq Essays

The ensuing contend amidst the United States and Iraq has been a topic of controversy for several years now. Citizens of America let been divided since the war began and affect to cluster in groups that either fully support or have no support for President Bush and this current war. Many would like to discern who is right and who is wrong. Is this war with Iraq saveifiable, or has America jumped into something that could have possibly been avoided? To answer these questions a comparison should be made between the characteristics of this war and those that constitute a bonnie war. Just war is a term which implies that a certain war is acceptable and justifiable based on certain conditions. The conditions for having a just war take those which must be visible before a war can be declared (Jus Ad Bellum) as well as those that must be followed during a war (Jus In Bello). Some of the conditions that are necessary before war is declared include having a just military campaign for war, having the right intentions for war, and having no early(a) alternative but war (1). Once engaged in a war other criteria apply such as the acts of war must be aimed those doing wrong and not at innocent civilians, prisoners of war should be treated humanely and with respect, and lastly that there be no torture of any kind to s gray-headediers of the opposing army. If these characteristics are put up against the United States and their strikes on Iraq, there is absolutely no way that the just war theory could classify this war as being just.The primary criterion for any war to be labeled as a just war is for that war to be declared for a just exertion. The United States clearly did not have any such cause for launching a war against Iraq. The Bush administrations newly proposed doctrine of pre-emption declares the right to initiate strikes against states that are deemed to be future threats against the US (2). Under the rules of just war, just cause is described as self d efense against an attack in order to preserve innocent life, not pre-emptive strikes against practicable dangers. The fact is, is that although the idea of fight a nation that does not pose a threat today, but may pose one in the tight-fitting future is as old as war itself, it completely goes against the precedents set forth by the just war theory(2).Justifying the Iraq War Politics Wars Middle eastmost Bush Iraq EssaysThe ensuing war between the United States and Iraq has been a topic of controversy for several years now. Citizens of America have been divided since the war began and continue to cluster in groups that either fully support or have no support for President Bush and this ongoing war. Many would like to know who is right and who is wrong. Is this war with Iraq justifiable, or has America jumped into something that could have possibly been avoided? To answer these questions a comparison should be made between the characteristics of this war and those that constit ute a just war. Just war is a term which implies that a certain war is acceptable and justifiable based on certain conditions. The conditions for having a just war include those which must be visible before a war can be declared (Jus Ad Bellum) as well as those that must be followed during a war (Jus In Bello). Some of the conditions that are necessary before war is declared include having a just cause for war, having the right intentions for war, and having no other alternative but war (1). Once engaged in a war other criteria apply such as the acts of war must be aimed those doing wrong and not at innocent civilians, prisoners of war should be treated humanely and with respect, and finally that there be no torture of any kind to soldiers of the opposing army. If these characteristics are put up against the United States and their strikes on Iraq, there is absolutely no way that the just war theory could classify this war as being just.The primary criterion for any war to be labele d as a just war is for that war to be declared for a just cause. The United States clearly did not have any such cause for launching a war against Iraq. The Bush administrations newly proposed doctrine of pre-emption declares the right to initiate strikes against states that are deemed to be future threats against the US (2). Under the rules of just war, just cause is described as self defense against an attack in order to preserve innocent life, not pre-emptive strikes against possible dangers. The fact is, is that although the idea of attacking a nation that does not pose a threat today, but may pose one in the near future is as old as war itself, it completely goes against the precedents set forth by the just war theory(2).

Esther`s Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar :: Plath Bell Jar Essays

Esthers Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar   One of the main reasons why Esther assay to commit felo-de-se was the way she perceived her mothers actions, and the fact that she hates her mother I hate her, I said, and waited for the blow to fall. she obviously believes that hating her mother is unconventional, as she expected the revive to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esthers problems. From Esthers point of view, consequences of her mothers actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the right to go to her fathers funeral My mother hadnt let us surface to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his ending seemed unreal to me. The fact that Esther couldnt really accept her fathers death contributed to race problems she had no thinker of what to do with her life, she thought that if my father hadnt died he would hav e taught me.... Before visiting New York and getting thrown into the real world Esther had been precise successful academically I had already taken a course in botany and done very(prenominal) well. I never answered one evidence question wrong all year. Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didnt kip down what her career plans were Usually I had these plans on the tip of my tongue. I dont really know, I comprehend myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true. She claims that she has always wanted to interpret German although the very sight of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam. Esther associates the language with her German-speaking father, who basine from close to manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia. I think that Esthers stunt in progress is directly linked to the death of her father, and the shrimpy that she knows about him, and that a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the best and no longer can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. After that - in spite of the lady friend scouts and piano lessons.Esthers Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar Plath Bell Jar Essays Esthers Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar   One of the main reasons why Esther tried to commit suicide was the way she perceived her mothers actions, and the fact that she hates her mother I hate her, I said, and waited for the blow to fall. she obviously believes that hating her mother is wrong, as she expected the doctor to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esthers problems. From Esthers point of view, consequences of her mothers actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the r ight to go to her fathers funeral My mother hadnt let us come to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his death seemed unreal to me. The fact that Esther couldnt really accept her fathers death contributed to career problems she had no idea of what to do with her life, she thought that if my father hadnt died he would have taught me.... Before visiting New York and getting thrown into the real world Esther had been very successful academically I had already taken a course in botany and done very well. I never answered one test question wrong all year. Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didnt know what her career plans were Usually I had these plans on the tip of my tongue. I dont really know, I heard myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true. She claims that she has always wanted to learn German altho ugh the very sight of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam. Esther associates the language with her German-speaking father, who cane from some manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia. I think that Esthers stunt in progress is directly linked to the death of her father, and the little that she knows about him, and that a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the best and no longer can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. After that - in spite of the girl scouts and piano lessons.

Esther`s Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar :: Plath Bell Jar Essays

Esthers Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar   bingle of the main reasons wherefore Esther tried to commit suicide was the way she perceived her produces actions, and the fact that she hates her commence I hate her, I said, and waited for the blow to fall. she obviously believes that hating her mother is wrong, as she anticipate the doctor to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esthers problems. From Esthers point of view, consequences of her mothers actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the proficient to go to her fathers funeral My mother hadnt let us come to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his destruction seemed unreal to me. The fact that Esther couldnt in truth accept her fathers goal contributed to career problems she had no idea of what to do with her life, she thought that if my father hadnt died he would have taught me.... Before visiting New York and getting throw into the real demesne Esther had been very successful academically I had already taken a course in botany and d unity very well. I never answered one test question wrong all year. Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didnt know what her career plans were Usually I had these plans on the wiretap of my tongue. I dont really know, I heard myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true. She claims that she has always precious to learn German although the very sight of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam. Esther associates the language with her communicative father, who lecture from some manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia. I think that Esthers stunt in progress is at once linked to the death of her father, and the little that she knows about him, and t hat a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the trump and no thirster can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. later on that - in scandalise of the girl scouts and piano lessons.Esthers Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar Plath Bell Jar Essays Esthers Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar   One of the main reasons why Esther tried to commit suicide was the way she perceived her mothers actions, and the fact that she hates her mother I hate her, I said, and waited for the blow to fall. she obviously believes that hating her mother is wrong, as she expected the doctor to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esthers problems. From Esthers point of view, consequences of her mothers actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the right to go to h er fathers funeral My mother hadnt let us come to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his death seemed unreal to me. The fact that Esther couldnt really accept her fathers death contributed to career problems she had no idea of what to do with her life, she thought that if my father hadnt died he would have taught me.... Before visiting New York and getting thrown into the real world Esther had been very successful academically I had already taken a course in botany and done very well. I never answered one test question wrong all year. Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didnt know what her career plans were Usually I had these plans on the tip of my tongue. I dont really know, I heard myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true. She claims that she has always wanted to learn German although the very si ght of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam. Esther associates the language with her German-speaking father, who cane from some manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia. I think that Esthers stunt in progress is directly linked to the death of her father, and the little that she knows about him, and that a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the best and no longer can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. After that - in spite of the girl scouts and piano lessons.

Gender and Family

Gender and Family By Sherrica Newburn CJS 230 Gender and Family As novel transgression continues to be a evolution problem in America, research and analysis have shown that gender and family brush aside have a huge tinge on juvenile delinquency. When it comes to gender, many differences devour place during the development and socialization in the potent and pistillate causing different juvenile gainending patterns. Changes in family structures will also have implications on socialization for both male and females.In this paper, one will learn how the role of family structure and gender piece of tail be a contributing component part in juvenile delinquency. Gender differences in development begin as early as infancy. These differences begin with socialization, cognitive and personality. On a social level, males argon believed to be more than aggressive than females. The cause of this is believed to be because males atomic number 18 taught and encouraged to be tough, whil e females argon taught to be lady like and act on emotions. Cognitive differences also start in early babyhood.female persons tend to speak earlier and have more communicating than males. Males excel in tasks that assess the mightiness to manipulate visual images in working keeping, whereas females do better in tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory and the acquisition and use of verbal data (Siegel & Welsh, 2005). Personality is one of the most obvious differences in gender. Females tend to have rugged self-esteem and they are more emotional than males. Males tend to have low attention spans while females have better attention spans.Delinquency affects gender because the differences in socialization, cognitive skills, and personality are what imprint up gender specialised behaviors. Most children are used to growing up in the traditional family of a mother, father and siblings. The makeup of families immediately is no longer consisting of the traditional family structure. Children are being raised in single parent homes with the absence of either their mother or father. In these cases, the single parent has to struggle even harder to make ends meet causing that bond between parent and hild to diminish. Children need way from both parents, and when one parent is absent, the guidance will not be thither and it can leave a long lasting concern on the child. The affect that family makeup has on delinquency is that if a childs of necessity are not being met in the home, the child is more inclined to tump over to their peers for some type of fulfillment. Family behaviors such as breakup, conflict, neglect, and deviance can alone have an impact on delinquency. Because a child is first socialized at home, any disjunction in an orderly family structure can be expected to have a negative impact on the child (Siegel & Welsh, 2005). When a family structure is broken, it can impact delinquency on a male because males are more affected by the abs ence of their father than females are. Females tend to be affected by the absence of both parents which can impact female delinquency. Conflict, neglect, and deviance can set a bad drill for children. Family behaviors such as parental neglect can provide a bad example for delinquents.Children growing up in homes with no supervision and minimum care are more likely to turn to violent and antisocial behaviors. Parents who show pervert behaviors are more likely to produce children who show deviance. For example, parents who smoke around their children often result in the child believing that it is okay to smoke because they put one across their parents do it. Even though research shows that female delinquency has increased, females are known to be treated other than by members of the juvenile outline than males.Female delinquents are more inclined to commit sex related crimes associated with relationship problems or sexual abuse. This is a derive to females because members of the juvenile system to focus more on male related crimes than female related crimes. When it comes to females, they can be treated unfairly because members of the justice system expect certain gender particularised crimes from female delinquents. Male delinquents are known to commit more serious crimes than females, so the justice system goes off expectations of each gender.In conclusion, family and gender plays a huge role in the juvenile justice system. In our society, juveniles are expected to commit crimes based on gender, and family structure. In order to prevent change magnitude juvenile delinquency, preventive programs for delinquents and their families should be provided to help children cope with broken family structures. References Seigel, L. J. and Welsh, B. C. (2005). Juvenile Delinquency The core. (2nd ed. ). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. Retrieved January 31, 2010Gender and FamilyGender and Family By Sherrica Newburn CJS 230 Gender and Family As juvenile delinquency con tinues to be a growing problem in America, research and analysis have shown that gender and family can have a huge impact on juvenile delinquency. When it comes to gender, many differences take place during the development and socialization in the male and female causing different juvenile offending patterns. Changes in family structures will also have implications on socialization for both male and females.In this paper, one will learn how the role of family structure and gender can be a contributing factor in juvenile delinquency. Gender differences in development begin as early as infancy. These differences begin with socialization, cognitive and personality. On a social level, males are believed to be more aggressive than females. The cause of this is believed to be because males are taught and encouraged to be tough, while females are taught to be lady like and act on emotions. Cognitive differences also start in early childhood.Females tend to speak earlier and have more commu nication than males. Males excel in tasks that assess the ability to manipulate visual images in working memory, whereas females do better in tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory and the acquisition and use of verbal information (Siegel & Welsh, 2005). Personality is one of the most obvious differences in gender. Females tend to have low self-esteem and they are more emotional than males. Males tend to have low attention spans while females have better attention spans.Delinquency affects gender because the differences in socialization, cognitive skills, and personality are what make up gender specific behaviors. Most children are used to growing up in the traditional family of a mother, father and siblings. The makeup of families today is no longer consisting of the traditional family structure. Children are being raised in single parent homes with the absence of either their mother or father. In these cases, the single parent has to struggle even harder to make ends m eet causing that bond between parent and hild to diminish. Children need guidance from both parents, and when one parent is absent, the guidance will not be there and it can leave a long lasting impact on the child. The affect that family makeup has on delinquency is that if a childs needs are not being met in the home, the child is more inclined to turn to their peers for some type of fulfillment. Family behaviors such as breakup, conflict, neglect, and deviance can all have an impact on delinquency. Because a child is first socialized at home, any disjunction in an orderly family structure can be expected to have a negative impact on the child (Siegel & Welsh, 2005). When a family structure is broken, it can impact delinquency on a male because males are more affected by the absence of their father than females are. Females tend to be affected by the absence of both parents which can impact female delinquency. Conflict, neglect, and deviance can set a bad example for children. Fam ily behaviors such as parental neglect can provide a bad example for delinquents.Children growing up in homes with no supervision and minimum care are more likely to turn to violent and antisocial behaviors. Parents who show deviant behaviors are more likely to produce children who show deviance. For example, parents who smoke around their children often result in the child believing that it is okay to smoke because they see their parents do it. Even though research shows that female delinquency has increased, females are known to be treated differently by members of the juvenile system than males.Female delinquents are more inclined to commit sex related crimes associated with relationship problems or sexual abuse. This is a benefit to females because members of the juvenile system to focus more on male related crimes than female related crimes. When it comes to females, they can be treated unfairly because members of the justice system expect certain gender specific crimes from fe male delinquents. Male delinquents are known to commit more serious crimes than females, so the justice system goes off expectations of each gender.In conclusion, family and gender plays a huge role in the juvenile justice system. In our society, juveniles are expected to commit crimes based on gender, and family structure. In order to prevent increasing juvenile delinquency, preventive programs for delinquents and their families should be provided to help children cope with broken family structures. References Seigel, L. J. and Welsh, B. C. (2005). Juvenile Delinquency The core. (2nd ed. ). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. Retrieved January 31, 2010

How Overfishing has undermined the Quality of Life in the Atlantic Region Essay

The Atlantic region of Canada has been affected by many issues that influence communities in various ways. Overfishing is one and only(a) of such issues and has caused the validation of dissimilar minds from the governing body of Canada and communities in provinces such as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Labrador and Prince Edward Island. The government is constantly putting pressure on fishermen by implementing policies that bar them from fishing accepted species of fish such as the Atlantic cod (Gadus Morhua) and chromatic (Blanchette, 1994). On the other hand, fishermen in the Atlantic region ar usually stressed because they cannot put in enough money to support their families because of the limitations and quota on maximum catch and type of fish species caught as directed by the government (Hauser & Carvalho, 2009). Thus, there is a quandary on whether to mitigate depletion of fish stocks by limiting fishing activities or allow the fishermen more catch to improv e their welfare.Government efforts to stop depletion of fishThe Government of Canada as been concerned that uncontrolled fishing leads to rapid depletion of fish stocks (Hauser & Carvalho, 2009). This is true in view of the fact that uncontrolled or unregulated fishing encourages fishermen to contemplate many techniques of catching fish, some of which may be harmful to fish stocks in the long run. In addition, uncontrolled or unregulated fishing encourages fishermen to coppice a lot of bycatch since they may use gear that captures many fish of undesirable size or species that are not required and eventually discard them (Rothschild, 2007).In an attempt to mitigate depletion, the Government of Canada has implemented other limitation measures such as requiring fishermen to venture into the ocean to a maximum of c kilometers from the shore and the fishermen are not allowed to catch salmon or cod (Hutchings & Reynolds, 2004). But fishermen are of the opinion that they are entitled t o fish anywhere in the Atlantic Ocean because that is their mode of earning a living. It is now evident that the quality of life of people in the Atlantic region has deteriorated because of the limitation imposed on fishing and the decline in fish stocks due to overfishing. This is discussed in the following section.Implications of the decline in fish stocks in the Atlantic regionThere are concerns that the limitations imposed by the government on fishing and the general decline in fish stocks has caused major job losses since many fishermen have been oblige out of the fishing industry (Lauck et al, 1998). This has been translated to other industries such as fish processing factories that have realized declines in productivity due to shortage of fish, thereby implementing massive job cuts.Whereas fishermen and other communities in the Atlantic region express their frustration at the governments decision to limit fishing, there is conclusion that indeed fish stocks have declined an d if no corrective measures are taken the situation is bound to deteriorate. Marine biologists have expressed concern that the Atlantic salmon and cod populations have declined greatly and the two species are on the verge of extinction (Tegner & Dayton, 2000).The government has been discouraging fishermen from fishing the salmon and cod, instead advising them to target the blockade (Tegner & Dayton, 2000). Although this may sound as a solution to the depletion of salmon and cod, it is not a very good idea since the seal is not very pop among the community and is equally endangered. Fishermen have argued with the government over this problem and no agreement has been arrived at yet (Tegner & Dayton, 2000).The government has noted that the high concentration of fishermen in the Atlantic region is the cause of overfishing and would like to discourage this by ensuring that the fishermen are dispersed (Lauck et al, 1998). But this move tends to discourage fishermen from their occupatio n since they are fond of divergence fishing as a community. This notwithstanding, the current situation is that fishermen continue to capture young salmon and cod (recruitment overfishing), which hinders continuity of the fish population.Case study Newfoundland game rates of depletion of fish in Newfoundland (figure 1) have had major ecological and economic implications in recent decades. Many species of fish have been lost, thus posing a risk of cave in of the Atlantic fishery. Consequently, the Newfoundland region has lost a precious source of food, which was depended upon by people for dietary purposes, social values, and economic purposes.Newfoundland province is one of the areas that have recorded highest rates of job loss due to fishermens withdrawal from fishing. Singe 1992, Newfoundland has been identified as the region that recorded the worst collapse in the fishery industry, particularly the cod fishery. The collapse of the fishery industry was caused by a long period of mismanagement characterized by overfishing. The corollary of the collapse of the fishery was that as many as 40,000 people lost their sources of livelihood and the ecosystem went under a condition complete decay (Blanchette, 1994 Myers, Hutchings & Barrowman, 1997).Today, almost 17 years after the collapse of the Newfoundland fishery, fishermen are still waiting for cod stocks to stabilize but the tussle between the government and fishermen remains. As a result, the Newfoundland community fish-eating culture has undergone a significant transformation. Many people have turned to eating crabs as a delicacy to supplant the cod, a contrast to the common opinion that the crab is a nuisance to many people in Newfoundland (Rothschild, 2007).The situation in Newfoundland presents major issues that need to be addressed. One is that overfishing changed the once economically vivacious Newfoundland fishing community to a state of dependence on other economic activities that are not as viable as fishing. Secondly, there is a slim chance that the fishery will improve since anglers still insist on having rights to access the fishery. The insistence by fishing communities to fish in sterile waters shows how important the fishery is to the community yet overfishing has increased the peoples dependence.

Parenting: a Balancing Act

P arenting A Balancing Act Youre not doing easy enough unspoiled how many times give children comprehend this from their names? After all, parents do conduct their children to do swell up in life history, save sometimes those expectations could place too untold of a burden on their children. close to parents worry ab discover the Big C, college, which is shown through many of their expectations on their childs academics, extra-curriculums, and sometimes future careers. A study in 2007 by the Childs Trend Databank shows that 69. 7% parents expected their children from 6th to 12th grade to receive a Bachelors degree or higher.Easier said than done decline? Of course, the parent efficacy fill their childs schedule with dozens of E. Cs and A. P classes to make them stand out in the college applications, besides that does not mean they will automatically get into any university or college. Like in the article, Taming the Overachieving Monster, the composer, Callie Schweitze r, writes Does being class president, captain of the track team, and furbish up organizer of the schools clothing drive add up to a top college acceptance? No. All it guarantees is stress. Parenting requires remainder between high and low expectations, a designate not to be taken lightly.Thus, parents need to learn how to limit their own expectations of their children due to the stress it causes on them. In some cases, the parents put their children in many after-school programs and encourage them to do more if they neediness to. Of course, not all children look forward to doing so frequently and simply want to serve around with their friends or go out shopping. However, this sometimes leads to conflict between parent and child. I only want to relax in my room and chide on Facebook and have fun, that my mom yells at me to go do more practice engage for the SATs. says Anonymous 1, a student. The SATs, or the super important test for college, is one of the few tests that is re quired by colleges in order to apply to them. Out of a maximum 2400 points, parents expect their children to discern to high in order for them to get into a good college, provided to get a high score in the SATs is not exactly the easiest task to do. Some parents expect 2400, some expect 2000 and up, but it still adds more stress to their child when their already grueling schedule is weighted down however more with SAT preparatory classes.Back in the article, Taming the Overachieving Monster, Callie Schweitzer states, Its natural to want your child to succeed, but what, exactly, qualifies as winment? Too many of todays parents define it as a 2400 on the SATs*, a schedule full of AP classes, and extracurricular activities that take up every afternoon of the school week. Parents often dismiss the reality of the hours of grooming this kind of academic load entails. And it is quite true some parents do often dismiss the amount of workload coming from all these academic loads.In a clear sense, parents need to get rid of college rankings or temperaments because any college cornerstone give their children a good education despite the rank, if their children actually work gravely and try. Just because a college or university is ranked high does not mean that way out to any college that is not ranked high nor has a great reputation like the Ivy Leagues will not give a good education. After all, even if you have a degree from a prestigious college, in that see is no guarantee that employers will fight for you or you getting instant jobs the moment you step out.Like in the article, Taming the Overachieving Monster, Callie Schweitzer, quotes, Alexandra Robbins, best-selling author of The Over acquirers The Secret Lives of Driven Kids. Robbins writes, choke up the name-brands, forget the reputations in your area and social circles, and for goodness sake, throw the college rankings in the trash. Getting a job takes your own effort and time, not solely on getti ng a degree from a super-ranked college. My parents expect me to get into the UCs only and not any State schools or City Colleges, replies Anonymous 5, however another student worried about their future paths.To be honest, it in truth is up to the student to choose which college he or she wants to go to and not the parent deciding which college for them. True, any parents can expect their child to do well in school and life, but even that can lead to too much of a burden upon their child. It must be taken into account that not all students enjoy studying for school or even actually going to school. After all, everyone is different, but that is not really taken into account when it comes to schooling or work.As in many cases, there are good and bad sides to expectations from parents. In some cases, it can be harmful or stressful for the student and sometimes helpful. My mom expects a lot out of me and I do come it wearing at times, but I do believe that it helps me work harder in school, informs Anonymous 2, another student. Sometimes, children with high expectations from parents feel the urge to do well in sports or school to meet their parents expectations. Of course, to set yourself high and fail lets you learn from your mistakes and reevaluate your pathway from that.High expectations also means that kids may not be as lazy or lax about doing well in life because setting a goal in life, whether it be made by the parent or child, does help lead the way in the future. Some students have greater confidence for themselves because they know that they can achieve high expectations from their parents as well as goals. In the article, Debate Parental Expectations, the writer, Lu Shizhen, writes, Parental expectations can motivate children to build a strong see and encourage them to achieve their best academic performance.Therefore, there is nothing wrong with parents who pin expectations on the development of their children. However, such parental expectations should be realistic. Unfortunately, planning to use high is a good idea, but making realistic goals to achieve is not the easiest thing to do. Also, in some cases, parents mightiness not recognize the successes of their children managing to achieve the expectations that the parents have set, which winds up leaving the child not enjoying to succeed or have major goals. I do what my mom expects me to do all the time, but most of the time, my mom gives me even harder things to accomplish, says Anonymous 3.Not all kids feel like doing every last thing parents throw at them and parents need to learn how to respect that. After all, some parents do not see how their expectations stress their children out more than it actually helps them. Eventually the stress can be too much and might crack in your child dropping of many kinds. Parents should not expect their child to live up to every expectation, because everyone has different wants, likes, personalities, hates, etc. Just like in the a rticle, Why Cant Johnny Jump Tall Buildings? , the composer Alan Kazdin tells us, Just remember, as you go about it, that its only human for parents to tend to expect that our children can do more than they can really do. Even slight adjustments of your expectations to compensate for that tendencya pocket-sized more emphasis on shaping, a little more patience, a little reflection on whats really important to you as a parent and what behaviors can be left to disappear or develop on their owncan produce surprisingly excellent results. Parents expect a lot out of their children because they truly want the best from them, but often times it can go too far.Many parents do not want their children to follow their path, especially if their path was filled with difficulty and problems that they do not want their children to face, so they want to see them do better and have a life without any of the hardship their parents have faced. However, some parents force their children to do extra wo rk in order for them not to face the problems they had and not everyone likes doing extra work. Well, its true that I want my kids to achieve far in life, but I also know that I probably sometimes do a bit too much, says Anonymous 5, a mother of 3.After all, parents expectations come from their care, but even that could be too much for their child. Of course, parents would not mind their kids to get into name brand, great reputation colleges, but that would be up to the child. I do believe that my parents want me to achieve well in life and all, but they sometimes rub me to no end. says Anonymous 6, a student, I really hate it when Im doing something I, myself, want to do, but accordingly my parents yell at me to do something they want me to do. Their Intentions are good, but they need to know about my own feelings when it comes to their expectations. Teenagers have a lot to say about a wide range of topics, but when it comes to their parents it can be endless. After all, the lo oming threat of college in the typical teenagers life causes anxiety for some(prenominal) the teen and parent. Unfortunately, that anxiety could lead to a split in the parent and child relationship. Sometimes their expectations are too much for me to do. I do one good thing, but they view more of the bad things I do, says Anonymous 4, another student, Its hard to achieve what they want. I understand them, but I wish they understood me more as well.Their expectations affect my life both in a good way and bad way since it makes me work harder, but leads to me getting a lot of stress and frustrations. After all, do parents truly understand their childrens feelings? Perhaps not. Due to the anxiety to see their children get into college and doing well in their life, some parents do not take the teenagers feelings into consideration. They do expect me to do well in school, and to achieve my goals, but not to do anything I want, says Anonymous 5, Sure, they want me to do what I really wa nt to pursue and become in life, but at times they can be enigmatical to me. Of course, not all parents expect so much out of their children, but not to the point where expectations are completely lacking. My mom, she doesnt expect me to be perfect, with great grades, 4. 0s, or anything, so we get along fine. I do not find that affects my life that much, although my siblings influence my good grades in school, because I do not want to follow what they did in their lives. Expectations have its ups and downs, but everyone views it differently. My mom expects me to get 4. 0s and to get as many E. As as possible, which I do not find likable.Many times, we debate over the stress of my achieving well and the threat of college, but it usually never ends well. I believe that my life is more stressed and frustrated than before and I am getting tired of it, says Anonymous 6. In the end, parents definitely need to at least try to see if their children are becoming stressed out trying to pass their expectations. However, are expectations from parents really needed? Truthfully, expectations can help improve the mind set of students and their own expectations of doing well for themselves. A lack of expectations might lead to a drop in schoolwork and an allowance of bad grades.Students with uncaring parents might wind up with themselves having low expectations on grades what they expect in life from their parents. Some students believe that their parents expectations really are not needed in their already stressed lives. Well, I could just put my parents voices onto a tape recorder and that would be good enough. I hate how they want me to do all this stuff when I just want to do things I really want to do. I find the expectations unneeded in my life because they just add more stress in my life and annoy me to no end, states Anonymous 1.This came from a friend who particularly has a bad relationship with his parents. Some students designate that their parents expectations help them, but dislike them at the comparable time. I think that my parents expectations help me believe that I can do well and it makes me work harder, but sometimes it becomes too much. Because if I do well, my parents expect me to even better and even if I do well in one spot, they look at a bad spot, which is frustrating, tells Anonymous 4. I do think that my parents expectations help me make goals in my life, but I hate it.At first, I do think they suck, but I do realize that expectations from my parents are not that bad, it is just that they sometimes expect too much out of me and ticks me off. says Anonymous 6. From this, parents expectations do have an impact on their childrens lives both negatively and positively. In the end, some students wish to deal with their parents expectations, but do not know how to do so. In Elizabeth Ryans, Straight Talk About Parents, she recommends public lecture to your parents on the rules or chores you have to do and why they bother you.Af ter all, talking aloud with your parents about your problems with their expectations is definitely a start to compromising. She says that if you want to handle these problems, then start by asking yourself What are the rules in my family? What are the rules do I think are clear to everyone? Which rules do I think are not clear to everyone? What can I do to get the unclear rules to be clearer? Which rules do I think are fair? Which rules do I think are unfair or unnecessary? Which rule am I the most upset about? Think about your parents feelings and not just your own, they might only just want the best out of you.Try to make your parents listen to your reasons on why they are bad with their expectations. or else of always disagreeing and arguing, try to find things to agree on instead of nagging each other. Take note of your own feelings as well as your parents because they might just be taking note of your well-being or future. In case you may not feel like talking to your parents, why not talk to a good friend? Friends should always be there for each other, especially in times of hardship. Talk to your friend about your problems and what they think you should do. If not, just let it out.Yes, crying is human nature and a way of releasing emotion instead of bottling it up. If youre mad you can just paper bag the stuffing out of your pillow, you just might find that you feel better after beating your anger out. Hopefully, parents might one day learn how to balance their expectations to not be too much or too little. It might take a while because, after all, parenting is quite the balancing act. Anonymous 1. individualised interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 2. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 3. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 4. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012.Anonymous 5. Personal interview. 25 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 6. Personal interview. 26 Jan. 2012. Anonymous 7. Personal interview. 26 Jan. 2012. Kazdin, Alan. Why Cant Johnny Jump Ta ll Buildings? Slate. The Slate Group, 2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. . Percentage of Children in Grades 6-12 Whose Parents Expect Them To Receive a Bachelors detail or Higher, 2003 and 2007. Chart. N. p. Child Trends DataBank, 2007. Childs Trends DataBank. Web. 1 Feb. 2012. . Ryan, Elizabeth A. Straight Talk About Parents. New York New York Facts On File, 1989. Print. Schweitzer, Callie. Taming the Overachieving Monster. Parenting Teens Online. iFOS Publishing and Parenting Teens Network. , Jan. 2008. Web. 27 Jan. 2012. . Shizhen, Lu. Debate Parental Expectations. chinaware Daily. China Daily, 1995-2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. .

Leadership model

Malcolm Muggeridge, towards the end of his life, reflected Looking over my 90 years, I realize I grow never made any progress in not bad(predicate) times. I only progressed in the hard times. age this may not be easily accept commensurate in todays ears, in giveing, whatever progress in personal goals is made and sustained most of the time, not in good times, scarce during difficult times. lead Behaviors to Sustain MomentumFirstly, leadership has something to do with change, stimulation of ideas, enthusiasm and encouragement for the tasks, and influence. I wish to enumerate three vital characteristics, each one linked with a specific component for leaders (Beckhard, R. 1969).1. The imagination to innovateTo promote innovation, successful leaders assist in cultivating novel view, the ideas, paradigm, and applications of expertise that subscribe tos an organization distinct. During the course of the implementation this particular trait is important especially that there lead be delays, resistance to the change process that normally occurs. A good leader is ingenuous to create something which will contribute to enhance and sustain the momentum.2. The professionalism to perform.Leaders offer personal and organizational capability, assisted by force preparation and education, to implement impeccably and dispense worth(predicate) to ever more difficult and exacting customers. There will be criticisms to come, many personal-all of which lavatory possibly help if the leader knows how and what to do with them. He is a professional, and an important virtue that he should characterize is to be able to deliver and keep his cool whenever difficulties arise.3. The openness to litigate in partnership.Leaders create associations and linkages with partners who can enlarge the organizations contact, im corroborate its contributions, or strengthen its systems. Since an organization is composed of deal, this leader knows a lot to the highest degree human nature an d behavior in chemical group settings so he can appropriately anticipate and plan as well as adjust to various personalities.Authors Sullivan and Decker, wrote a very good talk piece in the 2005 book Effective lead and Nursing Management in Nursing. The authors tried to convey the idea that the practical application of the skills comes in dickens important aspects and that they argon indispensable as well as distinct and inseparable. The authors identified that organizations ar designed in their specific arrangements as they function and these are pertinent in how the people working in their specific areas are handled and led.According to Dr. Jacques (1997), there are prime values placed on every part of the organization which he postulated in his stratified systems theory. When he called for the individual responsibility, he meant that whether the person in the spotlight may be the rank and agitate individual or happens to be the plant manager, the vitrine of leadership tha t is seen is expressive of this core value.Management then implies the adoption of accountability and this summarily implies leadership cunning as mentioned in the preceding page on influence and exercise of power, when a person exercises accountability, he actually exerts leadership leading by pillow slip and it is fundamentally ethical and transferable. Management and leadership are seen then, as interchangeable essentials, and according to Dr. Jacques, the existence and continuity as well as the perpetuation of a successful team depend often on the kind of leadership exemplified in the theory he posited.This direct has never been brought about only by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the personnel area but also by the more meaningful and literal task of managing the organizations most important asset the human capital.Among these factors are stiffer competition in business rapid changes in technological, com petitive and economical environments the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors learn no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy.ConclusionThe leadership approaches are important to imitate and assimilate as I go about my own quest for the implementation of leadership behaviors in my own workplace. Certain people who have been visible today who are worthy to emulate include men like Collin Powell and women like Oprah Winfrey. Although not all of their decisions are acceptable or popular, certainly their manner of leading have taken the worlds notice and made them trailblazers for others to follow.ReferencePermissions Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030 USA. Jacques, Elliot. 1997. Requisite Organization Total System for Effective Managerial Organization and Managerial Leadership for the 21st Century. London Gow er. GBR Mulhauser, Greg. Management Skills and Leadership Skills. Accessed March 17, 2008. http//coaching.mulhauser.net/executive/manage-vs-lead.htmlevidence Sullivan, Eleanor and Phillip J. Decker. 2005. Effective Leadership and Nursing Management in Nursing, with Student Video (4th Edition).Leadership modelI have never really had any father to emulate nor a family that could guide me. Many would say that I was all but and would never be a leader type because I never had any role models growing up. Yet I beg to differ from the frequent stereotype of leadership role models because even given my difficult situation growing up I did find a leadership role model, my coach. While this may not seem to be a conventional choice for most people, I firmly believe that it was because of my hoops coach that I have developed the leadership skills I have today and have become a leader myself.Before I relate why I think my basketball coach is the outdo leadership role model that I have had in my life, albeit arguably inexperienced, I feel that it is important for me to discuss just what I think a leader is and should be.Great leaders have been said to be catalysts of change because of their ability to motivate, to inspire and to make any group of individuals act as a cohesive working unit of measurement (House, 2004). While there are those who argue that a leader must always make waves in enounce to make a definite impact in any working environment, it has also been shown that an effective leader must be able to contextualize his actions and understand what the best course is given the environment he is working in (Warneka, 2006). baby carriage Smith, as we used to call him, was that type of leader. He never insisted on making waves but addressed the needs of the players and motivated every single one of us. Superstar egos on the team were shelved and the goals of the team always came first before personal glory. At the same time however, he made the person who contrib uted to the success of the team feel and know that it was his great performance which made a difference and in doing so inspired that person to work harder, not only for the good of the team but for himself as well.This leadership style employed by Coach Smith is also quite similar to another great leader who achieved impressive results, herb Kelleher of Southwest Air air travels. Southwest Airlines, the company he created, consistently fared founder than its competitors, surviving the tough times for the aviation industry. One of the secrets to the companys success is its unique culture that differentiates it from its competitors. At Southwest, there is a great accent on the people aspect of the business. In fact, Herb Kelleher in an interview with Babson Insight vividly demonstrated his commitment to the staff of the company by craft them volume in this way, written with a capital letter (Herb Kelleher, 2004).Coach Smith empowered people. He never sought to tow people in lin e and force them to do their bidding. In a way he inspired me and the other members on the team to do better, much like Kelleher who made people feel that they played a major role in the success of the company. This quiet but inspiring leadership style proved to very effective as our team won the local tournament.I realize know just how pivotal his leadership methods were for our team. A leader does not necessarily have to make waves in order to make to facilitate change. There are many types of leadership styles that do not call for the application of any drastic actions or forceful management techniques. The problem with the idea that making waves is necessary to facilitate change is that the outcome and effect on the other members on the team may not react as intended and it may even have a negative effect (Torbert, 2004). This may result in team members macrocosm unable to communicate properly with the leader or with decreased productivity due to the sudden changes and major ch anges in the working environment brought about by the waves.This was exactly the problem that Coach Smith was able to avoid when he took over the team and inspired us with his quiet leadership. 12 strong willed and receptive individuals, each person playing for his own personal glory, to rack up the most number of points or even the league Most Valuable faker (MVP) trophy, would hardly make an efficient and effective team. Yet Coach was able to harness the individual talents of each player but still make the unit function as an effective team.In popular leadership models such as Situational Leadership which was developed by Blanchard and Hersey in the late 1960s, the need for a compromising leader who was able to adapt leadership practices to suit the needs of the working environment was emphasized (Argyris, 1976). A good leader must be able to assess the situation and determine what the best approach is, whether it is by making waves or quietly empowering and inspiring the team m embers. Leaders do not need to make waves to facilitate change. Other flexible and more effective means of quietly inspiring change are available and may even prove to have more of an impact than simply making waves.I like to believe that my leadership style today is similar to that which my Coach practiced or that of Herb Kelleher. I have consciously patterned my leadership methods with the way that these great leaders have led others and inspired them. The reason I have through so is because I believe that a person cannot motivate a team to feel good about their work if you, as their leader, do not. Similarly, team members will not feel ownership or go the extra mile if you do not. You must set an example by demonstrating passion about your work and displaying confidence in the team to do a good job. Leaders must practice personal integrity and fairness. Model it and expect it from others. People who feel they can tell the truth, without fear of reprisal, grow as they experiment a nd experience success and failure (Cran, 2003).This approach to leadership of mine has as much to do with the great influence that Coach Smith has had on me as has my background. As I mentioned earlier, I come from a broken family and my mother has been battling with crab louse since I was young. This led me to grow up in an environment that was all but bereft of role models and leaders. There was no support and I had to work for everything that I had and still continue to do so. It is this that has also led me to choose this style of leadership for myself because I believe that everyone had potential in them and with the proper penury and inspiration it can be brought out, not only for the benefit of the team, the business or the company but also for the individual himself.Todays follower-leader relationship shows that pursuit want trust and are not motivated by what the leader think they want, but rather by what each specific follower wants (Bain, 1982). motive is generated in ternally, and a leader merely taps into the internal power of the follower (Thach, Thompson, and Morris, 2006). Followers determine their commitment to organizations by reflecting on how hard they will work, what type of recognition and reward they might receive (transactional), and if that reward will be worth it (Strebel, 1996).Today I am a leader, I may not be a great leader but I am confident that I can develop my leadership skills to be one. My leadership style is in motivating people and in quietly inspiring change and developing the talents and abilities of the people around me and in my organization. This is the style that I have chosen because I feel that it is the most effective method. I do not choose to be excellent or wealthy or powerful, I choose to lead and that makes all the difference.ReferencesArgyris, C. (1976) Increasing Leadership Effectiveness, Wiley, New YorkBain, D. (1982). The productivity prescription. New York McGraw-Hill.Cran, C (2003). Eight Ways to Moti vate Your Team. Retrieved 11/14/2006, from http//www.refresher.com/ccmotivate.htmlHouse, R. J. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, SAGE Publications, Thousand OaksNorthwestern University. (2004). Herb Kelleher. Retrieved November 11, 2006, from http//www.transportation.northwestern.edu/programs/patterson/lecturers/97kelleher/kelleherBio.htmlThach, E. C., Thompson, K. J., and Morris, A. (2006). A Fresh Look at FollowershipTorbert, W. (2004) Action Inquiry the Secret of Timely and Transforming Leadership, San Francisco, CA Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Warneka, T. (2006). Leading People the down(p) Belt Way Conquering the Five Core Problems Facing Leaders Today. Asogomi Publications Intl. Cleveland, Ohio

Obama Care

OBAMA CARE Obama cautiousness and wellness c atomic number 18 reform is the identical thing. The official name for Obama reverence is the Patient trade protection and the Afford suitable Cargon Act, a bill signed into law to reform the health care industry. more aspects of Obama Care health care reform are already enacted. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law March 23, 2010. totally over carbon cardinal Americans control already benefited from the new health care law.The Obama Care damages requires that all insurance plans cover preventive services and halt insurance companies from dropping you when you are sick, as well as offering a number of other reforms and protections. Obama Cares goal is to provide affordable health insurance for all US citizens and to reduce the growth in health care spending. Obama Care does not replace insular insurance, Medicare, or Medicaid. The Fact is that Obama Care gives 47 million women access to preventiv e health services and makes it illegal to charge women distinct rates than men.Obama Care also gives seniors access to cheaper drugs, free preventive care, reforms Medicare Advantage, and closes the Medicare depart D. The AARP agrees, costs wont rise because of Obama Care, if anything, the improvements to the system go out decrease the average cost of health care for seniors. Obama Care also states that affordable insurance center that you contain no more than 8% of your annual income on insurance. Obama Care ensures that there are no out-of-pocket costs on patients receiving mammograms and colonoscopies which are two of the or so widely used forms of preventive health care.Obama Cares new Medicare Value-Based Purchasing Program means hospitals can lose or gain up to 1% of Medicare funding based on a quality v. quantity system. Hospitals are graded on a number of quality measures related to treatment of patients with center field attacks, heart failures, pneumonia, indisput able surgical issues, re-admittance rate, as well as patient satisfaction. Obama Care Mandates that those who charter not to purchase insurance volition have to hand a tax penalty unless they qualify for an exemption. Exemptions from Obama Cares tax penalty mandate are purchasable to a number of Americans.The mandate exemptions cover a variety of people, including members of certain religious groups and Native American tribes undocumented immigrants (who are not eligible for health insurance subsidies under the law) incarcerated individuals people whose incomes are so low they dont have to file taxes (currently $9,500 for individuals and $19,000 for married couples) and people for whom health insurance is considered unaffordable (where insurance premiums after employer contributions and federal official subsidies exceed 8% of family income).Starting Oct 1st, 2013 the Obama Care online health insurance exchange is where all Americans can buy affordable quality health insurance. T hose under the 400% FPL and employers will be able to use subsidies to purchase plans at an average of 60% less than they pay now. The Obama Care Insurance Exchanges Online Market Place are use in 2014 health insurance premiums is projected to drop dramatically for many Americans. Low-income Americans will enjoy more Obama Care pros than cons.Since Obama Care works on a sliding scale most low income Americans, especially those without insurance, will examine nothing but benefits. Medicaid expansion will cover over 15 million previously uninsured low-income individuals and families below the 133% FPL mark. All Americans (including Congress) will be able to buy their health insurance through the exchange as long as they are above the poverty level (those Americans will be cover under Medicaid expansion).Anyone (except congress) can opt out and keep their current health insurance, pay a tax, purchase private insurance or stay with their private health insurance company. The cons of O bama Care for low-income Americans are that some states will have the pick of opting out of coverage for their poorest, despite 100% federal funding for the frontmost year and 90% thereafter. In some cases rejecting Medicaid Expansion isnt just about frugality money. Its actually a politically driven move to chance upon Obama Care.The opt-out is projected to leave 2 to 3 million low-income Americans without coverage. Some State reps are stressful to break Obama Care. Its no secret a portion of the GOP wants to airlift Obama Care, they just so happen to have a strategic plan that includes break the Exchanges and Medicaid Expansion. Obama Care isnt just going to go away, but while the passage of arms goes on Americans continue to be caught in the crossfire. Its also worth noting that the amount of uninsured Medicaid eligible Americans differs from State to State.Obama Care is projected to cost $1. 1 one thousand thousand over the next ten years, and in order for the broadcast t o work as intended this is going to include funding from the tax payers and from the States. However, the end allow of Obama care spending is a $200 billion dollar reduction of the shortage over the next decade, states also receive between 90 100% of funding for most Obama Care related programs they set up. A few states including Nevada and kale have done studies that show how the States can save billions with Obama Care.Health Insurance companies sales booth to make billions, despite a loss on profit per plan, since they will be insuring millions of new Americans. In conclusion the Obama Care health care program will benefit all Americans from the bottom of the barrel to the top dogs in the congress. It will also help the US repair the economic deficit. The states that are trying to opt-out need to see the benefit of this plan. They are putting too much Infosys on money and not enough focus on the well-being of the American people. Clarence Boyd 16 April 2013Obama CareOBAMA CA RE Obama Care and health care reform is the same thing. The official name for Obama Care is the Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act, a bill signed into law to reform the health care industry. Some aspects of Obama Care health care reform are already enacted. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law March 23, 2010. Over 100 million Americans have already benefited from the new health care law.The Obama Care insurance requires that all insurance plans cover preventive services and stops insurance companies from dropping you when you are sick, as well as offering a number of other reforms and protections. Obama Cares goal is to provide affordable health insurance for all US citizens and to reduce the growth in health care spending. Obama Care does not replace private insurance, Medicare, or Medicaid. The Fact is that Obama Care gives 47 million women access to preventive health services and makes it illegal to charge women different rates than men.O bama Care also gives seniors access to cheaper drugs, free preventive care, reforms Medicare Advantage, and closes the Medicare Part D. The AARP agrees, costs wont rise because of Obama Care, if anything, the improvements to the system will decrease the average cost of health care for seniors. Obama Care also states that affordable insurance means that you pay no more than 8% of your annual income on insurance. Obama Care ensures that there are no out-of-pocket costs on patients receiving mammograms and colonoscopies which are two of the most widely used forms of preventive health care.Obama Cares new Medicare Value-Based Purchasing Program means hospitals can lose or gain up to 1% of Medicare funding based on a quality v. quantity system. Hospitals are graded on a number of quality measures related to treatment of patients with heart attacks, heart failures, pneumonia, certain surgical issues, re-admittance rate, as well as patient satisfaction. Obama Care Mandates that those who c hoose not to purchase insurance will have to pay a tax penalty unless they qualify for an exemption. Exemptions from Obama Cares tax penalty mandate are available to a number of Americans.The mandate exemptions cover a variety of people, including members of certain religious groups and Native American tribes undocumented immigrants (who are not eligible for health insurance subsidies under the law) incarcerated individuals people whose incomes are so low they dont have to file taxes (currently $9,500 for individuals and $19,000 for married couples) and people for whom health insurance is considered unaffordable (where insurance premiums after employer contributions and federal subsidies exceed 8% of family income).Starting Oct 1st, 2013 the Obama Care online health insurance exchange is where all Americans can buy affordable quality health insurance. Those under the 400% FPL and employers will be able to use subsidies to purchase plans at an average of 60% less than they pay now. T he Obama Care Insurance Exchanges Online Market Place are implemented in 2014 health insurance premiums is projected to drop dramatically for many Americans. Low-income Americans will enjoy more Obama Care pros than cons.Since Obama Care works on a sliding scale most low income Americans, especially those without insurance, will see nothing but benefits. Medicaid expansion will cover over 15 million previously uninsured low-income individuals and families below the 133% FPL mark. All Americans (including Congress) will be able to buy their health insurance through the exchange as long as they are above the poverty level (those Americans will be covered under Medicaid expansion).Anyone (except congress) can opt out and keep their current health insurance, pay a tax, purchase private insurance or stay with their private health insurance company. The cons of Obama Care for low-income Americans are that some states will have the option of opting out of coverage for their poorest, despit e 100% federal funding for the first year and 90% thereafter. In some cases rejecting Medicaid Expansion isnt just about saving money. Its actually a politically driven move to break Obama Care.The opt-out is projected to leave 2 to 3 million low-income Americans without coverage. Some State reps are trying to break Obama Care. Its no secret a portion of the GOP wants to repeal Obama Care, they just so happen to have a strategic plan that includes breaking the Exchanges and Medicaid Expansion. Obama Care isnt just going to go away, but while the battle goes on Americans continue to be caught in the crossfire. Its also worth noting that the amount of uninsured Medicaid eligible Americans differs from State to State.Obama Care is projected to cost $1. 1 trillion over the next ten years, and in order for the program to work as intended this is going to include funding from the tax payers and from the States. However, the end result of Obama care spending is a $200 billion dollar reduct ion of the deficit over the next decade, states also receive between 90 100% of funding for most Obama Care related programs they set up. A few states including Nevada and Michigan have done studies that show how the States can save billions with Obama Care.Health Insurance companies stand to make billions, despite a loss on profit per plan, since they will be insuring millions of new Americans. In conclusion the Obama Care health care program will benefit all Americans from the bottom of the barrel to the top dogs in the congress. It will also help the US repair the economic deficit. The states that are trying to opt-out need to see the benefit of this plan. They are putting too much Infosys on money and not enough focus on the well-being of the American people. Clarence Boyd 16 April 2013

Read Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol Essay

In 1964, the author, Jonathan Kozol, is a young man who works as a teacher. Like many others at the time, the scrape educate where he teaches is segregated ( record scarcely non- snow-white students), understaffed, and in scummy physical condition. Kozol loses his first job as a teacher because he introduces students to some Afri disregard Ameri bay window poetry that questions the conditions of blacks in America. Years tardilyr, after holding many other jobs, Kozol misses working with children. He decides to visit schools across America to see what has changed. What he learns is saddening many schools have student bodies that atomic number 18 still separate and unequal.Kozols journey starts in East St. Louis, Illinois. Traveling with a woman from a ghostlike organization, Kozol takes a look around the inner city. The town sits on a flood plain below beautiful homes that have been built on. Further more(prenominal), factories pour sewerage and toxic waste into the city. Play grounds atomic number 18 found to contain heavy metals that can make children ill. An attempt has been made at building a new school in one area, but cheap construction techniques result in a roof that collapses. Local grade school children tell Kozol horror stories of family and friends who were murdered.A visit to the East St. Louis schools reveals an overall lack of facilities. Sewage floods lunchrooms, making it intolerable to serve food there. Students destiny books, computers, chalk and up to now toilet paper. Science classes need test tubes, tables, running water and even heat. The ceiling is about to collapse in one school, the gym and locker room stink with toxic mold, and even the arts classes have no to a faultls.Dedicated teachers make poverty wages statemental activity oversized classrooms and even choose to bring in their own teaching aids and pay for them out of their own wages. Almost every student in every run good deal school is non white. Minority students know they are receiving inferior education in ugly, filthy, dangerous buildings but seem most concerned by the fact that they are all fight downed aside and not evaluate into nearby white schools. They wonder why they are not liked or trusted.Next Kozol travels to Chicago, Illinois, in the area of Lawndale where Martin Luther King has worked and experienced the worst racism of his life. The conditions are similar as in East St. Louis with filth, decay and danger in mostly non-white schools. Kozol focuses on the incompetent and unkind teachers are the precisely citizenry the Chicago school system have been betrothd for these segregated schools and offering low wages. The author disagrees with government officials claims that schools dont need more funds, only better teaching methods. To prove his point he talks about a dedicated, brilliant teacher working in the slums who manages to excite students. She is retributory down the hall from uncaring teachers. If they wish to lea rn her methods, all they have to do is watch.Lack of money is the problem and racism is the reason these schools are not getting the money they need, Kozol states. Thousands more dollars are spent each year on each white student attending better schools in the nearby suburbs. Blaming teaching methods or parental involvement for the horrible problems in segregated schools is easier than raising money and finding solutions.The author continues on that the way schools are funded allows inequalities to continue. Local attribute taxes fund schools, meaning the money a school receives is based on the value of the houses in the area. Houses in richer areas can be afforded by whites that pay more property taxes and get better schools (even if they are dumping sewage onto non-white areas situated below them without paying taxes to those areas to help clean up). Richer homeowners also get tax easing for paying their mortgages.Meanwhile, deplorable black areas are dumping grounds for toxic waste and garbage, which benefit the wealthier citizens, but they tend to be the only places low-down non-whites can afford to live. Low properrty values result in badly funded, dangerous schools. Wealthier whites avoid these public schools and move to suburbs where their property taxes go toward building elegant public schools. Trier school is an example. It attracts a highly trained staff, and boasts an Olympic swimming pool as well as other luxuries. An article about this suburban school brags that most of the students in it are white.Kozol says that magnet schools (special public schools built for the most talented students) seem like a good idea, but are also unfair. The inner city disadvantaged non-white students usually dont provide head start programs or educated parents who can help them push for admittance. Students of magnet schools are mostly white. Disadvantaged students watch television and know they are being treated like something less than human. This is savagely cruel.In the abutting area, New York, Kozol sees the same pattern of filth, indifference and degradation. The difference between money spent in inner city schools and outlying suburbs is more than double in the New York districts. The school system administrators admit they dont even know how many kids become discouraged and drop out of these schools. Kozol finds this shocking in a town where every penny stock on Wall road can be accounted for every day. However, the school system cannot collect a list of names of dropouts. In fact, several school administrators admit that they actually hope kids will drop out because they have so many students, they cant teach them all.Health care for disadvantaged minorities is pathetic, which shows societys indifference to the non-whites, says Kozol. As in Illinois, accompaniment inequalities in New York are not just a local problem. The State of New York actually distributes more money to the richer schools. Visiting a fancy school in Rye, NY , Kozol is disappointed to learn privileged kids are uninterested to the suffering of non-white students in other schools. According to Kozol this is not true of students in his day.Media adds to the misconceptions about poor schools, according to Kozol. For instance, The Wall Street Journal claims that minor cuts in class size wont help test scores much. Kozol argues that if that is the case, why not double the number of children in each white public school classroom? Nobody would stand for this.He visits Camden, NJ, the fourth poorest area in country. At Pyne Jr. High there are no computers. At the local high school the computers have literally melted because of the extreme heat in the non-air conditioned building. Kozol wonders why African American teachers at these schools ignore the issues of race as if they just accept matters as inevitable. High school kids in Camden tell Kozol about being inefficient to read the classics because pages are missing from their books, and one p romising student is told by her guidance councilor to give up her dream of becoming a lawyer because her side isnt good enough. As in other cities, dangerous chemicals flee from nearby factories (the factories do not pay taxes here) and children suffer major illnesses. The only star who earns respect from the media s a man who walks around the school with a bat and tosses three hundred students out of school. This doesnt help the school, but it gets him on the cover of magazines.When parents of a young boy named, Raymond Abbott go to court to protest the inferior education he is receiving as a poor non-white boy in New Jersey. Expensive lawyers are hired by the State to fight the lawsuit. Eventually the court decides that Raymond is indeed being unfairly treated. However, the decision comes as well as late to save his educational career. Raymond ends up a dropout cocaine addict in jail.Before introducing readers to the problems in Washington, DC, Kozol observes that disadvantaged people ask for totally equal education when they go to court. Why not? Kozol heads to Washington, where the city contrasts with the reality of the non-white slums a few blocks away. A city official observes that the very poor accept a forked system with richer magnet schools so the whites wont leave altogether and take political power and money to the suburbs. The news media seem to blame the dupe portraying the people who live in ghettos as dangerous fools who spend too much on expensive tennis shoes and jewelry. Kozol says TV viewers in the suburbs dont understand this stuff is being pushed on ghetto residents who have no access to things of real value.One failed method of amend non-white schools has been to hire non-white administrators. Kozol says this cannot help. Detroit has had non-white administration for years and the underfunded schools are still in a predicament. When a U.S. District Court finds that Detroit schools are both separate and unequal, the U.S. Supreme Court is called in to consider the charge. The Supreme Court at this time is heavily packed with conservative Nixon appointees. These judges say that making things fair in the city of Detroit for the poor would unfairly punish the suburbs. An important Justice of the Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall, disagrees with the majority opinion and sees that the country has taken a giant step backward in values. Later, electric chair George H.W. Bush says money is not the answer to solving school problems.Kozol then heads to San Antonio where he begins by claiming that Americans hesitate to directly discriminate once against other peoples children because this would make them feel guilty. However, he thinks, laws have allowed discrimination to occur in a less direct form. For example, in the 1920s in America the creation program is established. It is supposed to mean that everybody is taxed on local homes and businesses at the same rate, and the federal government comes in to make up the differ ence in money raised by sending extra subsidies to poor schools. Yet, white schools historically get more of this make up money. Kozol thinks its strange that when it comes to equal funding for public schools, officials fight for local control, but the federal government is happy to overrule federal control when it comes to which books should be read, and other important issues.In 1968 in San Antonio, the parents of Demetrio Rodriguez and other students go to court to fight for equal funds for their low-grade school. Justice Powell of the Supreme Court suggests that a quality education is not guaranteed by the constitution, although lawyers argue the students need the skills to vote, which is guaranteed by the constitution. Twenty-one years later it is found that unequal funding is in fact unfair, but of course this decision is too late for the kid who brought the lawsuit in the first place.Kozol visits Alamo Heights near San Antonio where the wealthy live. He then descends to the s hacks below the bluffs where 99.3 percent of the kids are Hispanic and poor enough to rely on the school lunch program for their main meal of the day. Down in the valley, the teachers are underpaid, the buildings are crumbling and the schools can spend only a fraction of what they spend in Alamo Heights on each student. Yet most of the States extra funding goes to Alamo Heights.Finally Kozol sees that when white children are impoverished and discriminated against, their schools are poor, too. He visits a community of poor Appalachian children thrust into one school. It undergoes overcrowding the building is in shambles and teachers lack resource, just like all of the non-white schools all over the country. He is told that soon many of these children will be bussed to non-white schools nearbyKozols observations are haunting. Time and time again the pattern is repeated Non-whites pushed into nasty, dangerous conditions through history, whites unwilling to share their prosperity with t he people of color they fear, governments endless excuses for doing nothing and actually blocking the success of poor schools in corrupt ways. Kozols conclusion is that this is illogical, unpatriotic and deeply unkind.Overall, I truly enjoyed this book and what is has to offer when describing the unequal treatment African Americans and minorities have in urban areas. Heres what we should do. Put more money into preschool, kindergarten, elementary years. Pay college kids to tutor inner city children. Get rid of the property tax, which is too uneven and use income taxes to support these schools. Pay teachers more to work in more places like the Bronx. It has to come from taxes. Pay them extra to go to the worst schools. You could exculpate their college loans to make it worth their while., this statement spoke to me. Its the ideal plan, however I dont see it actually transpiring into our education world.I was ignorant to the true facts of the American educational system. This book, M r. Kozol, has opened my eyes to the history, suffering and makes a powerful impact on his behalf. He begins by showing specific, unspeakable injustices then examines how the troubles have come to be, sometimes by reviewing court decisions or by tracing the movement of labor away from a particular area. Next, he talks about those things standing in the way of improvement, often vague attitudes or fears. Finally, toward the end of the book, he begins to outline his vision for getting past the roadblocks and improving all schools. The result is that the reader/I was hooked right away, wondering how in the world such awful things have come to pass.

Decision Support for Best Practices Lessons Learned

Decision support for outdo coiffes Lessons learned on bridging the gap between research and apply pratice. Today, every one is looking at beaver practices for developing a system or making the right prime(prenominal) in acquiring system components. If the right best practices ar applied, they help to countermand common problems and remediate feel, cost, or both. However, feeling and selecting an subdue best practice is non al focusings an easy endeavor. In near cases guidance, based on sound fix, is missing very much the best practice is in any case naked as a jaybird, still at a lower place study, or the vivacious considers do not fit the dors context.This article reports on a design that tries to bridgework the gap between rigorousempirical researchand practical regards for guiding practitioners in selecting appropriate best practices. ********** Many program managers would agree that using duration-tested Best Practices nooky help to avoid common proble ms and increase the pure tone of a system, reduce development cost, or both. For instance, in a for gear upful survey at the 2004 Conference on the encyclopaedism of packet-Intensive Systems, 48 senior systems and parcel managers supported the use of Best Practices.However, the same survey indicated that it is hard to find much(prenominal) Best Practices. The survey identified the chase reasons for this problem * Best practices often do not exist (i. e. , they clear not been publicly documented), * populate do not know of a certain best practice, or * Best practices are not easily accessible (i. e. , thither is no central place to look for best practices). The last express watches a to a greater extent general study by the Delphi Group in which more than 65 portion of the interviewees agreed that finding the right nformation to do their job is difficult (Delphi, 2002). Further research conducted by the U. S. surgical incision of Defense ( defence mechanism) concluded tha t barriers for the adoption of best practices included * the lack of selection criteria among practices within cost-constrained programs, * the lack of self-assurance in the value of such practices by the program offices, and * the inability to relate practices to the risks and issues programs were facing. In compendious, recognizing good practices anddisseminatingthem to the work force take onms to be a disclose issue.To address these issues the DoD Acquisition Best Practices Clearinghouse (BPCh) program, sponsored by some(prenominal) offices of the DoD (DS,ARA, National culture Infra social organisation NII, and Defense Procurement Acquisition Policy DPAP), was initiated in 2003 (Dangle, Dwinnell, Hickok Turner, 2005). The Fraunhofer Center for experimental package Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) was chosen to develop the initial proof of concept for a system to document, evaluate, and penet prescribeBest Practices.In collaboration with other organizations within the DoD a nd industry (includingNorthrop GrummanIT, the Computer Sciences Corporation CSC, and the Systems and Software kitty SSCI), a prototype system has been built and piloted. It is currently operated and hosted by the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). THE VISION FOR wearING surpass PRACTICES The DoD vision for the BPCh initiative is to bring home the bacon more than just a list of Best Practices. It is to provide an integrated enured of processes, beasts, and resources which bequeath enable teaching knock againstkers to identify emerging or ell-proven practices that cast been utilise and proven effective. Practices in the BPCh serve as an education resource to individualslooking forideas on how to improve quality and become more effective in their job. Clearly, the vision of the BPCh is not to create another data cemetery, save to develop an entropy-sharing network around the BPCh sediment which will foster relationships between individuals within DoD and excessively p artnerships between DoD and industry leaders.The pastime types of questions illustrate usage examples * I just heard about accelerated life testing. Where underside I find out if its useful or just fireplug? * Theyve just shortened my testing schedule by 30 percent. Are there any practices that bay window help me better handle that kind of schedule compression? * I want to add inspections to my quality process. Is it worth the cost and if so, whats a good first step? Is there someone I can contact in case of any difficulties? * Ive taken over an acquisition program just earlier Critical Design Review (CDR). What practices should I look for in my contractors? * Im in charge of defining a training course as part of thecontinuing educationprogram for quality improvements. What are state of the art or emerging practices that should be addressed? The BPCh has been designed with the understanding that a single practice can never be a silver bullet for each and every cipher/progr am.This is because some practices may only be useful or beneficial in certain contexts while failing to engender the desired results in others. For example, practices that are short necessary for large, mission critical projects may be too heavyweight forrapid prototypingor Web practical application development. Practices that work well up when the development team is dictated in the same room may not al paths scale well when the team is distributed crossways the country. Clearly, there exists no one best answer. Practices that are best for one exploiter might not be best for the next.Therefore, the BPCh tool responds to substance ab drug user queries with a list of practices rated by how well they fit the project characteristics of the user making the query. The presented selection is compiled using the realize other users deal had implementing the practice in a similar context. High-quality indorse about a practice is collected and reported with any necessary caveats, s o that education jawkers dedicate a sound basis for making up their bear minds given their needs. APPLYING applied science TO DELIVER BEST PRACTICESTo develop the BPCh tool, we applied FC-MDs EMPEROR approach (Experience focal point Portal using experimental Results as Organizational Resources). This approach makes use of completely kinds of obtainableevidentialdata from research and industry, analyzes and packages it, and shell outs it with a Web-based Experience dwelling. The EMPEROR is based on the experience manufacturing plant approach, developed by Basili, Caldiera, and Rombach (1994), which has been successfully employed to facilitateorganizational acquireatNASA(Basili, et al. 1995), DaimlerChrysler (Schneider & Schwinn, 2001), and elsewhere inNorth America, Europe, and Australia (Koennecker, Jeffery, & Low, 2000 Mendonca,Seaman, Basili, & Kim, 2001). An experience factory provides a way to analyze results based on practical experience, and package what is learne d into an Experience animal foot for new users of the organization to find and apply. Since the users of the BPCh come from a wide variety of organizations and programs, any Experience Base will have difficulties in addressing all user needs.To mitigate this problem, EMPEROR is required to (a) provide foil to users, so that they can understand the analysis process and the sources of experience and make up their own minds (b) rate the trustability of each of the utilize sources, so that users can judge the degree of confidence they have in the information provided and (c) provide a completeness and maturity power of the practice information taken as a whole, that is, to fare a self-rating based on how much and what quality order can be passed. DATA anatomical structure OF A BPCH PRACTICEThese sections look out how these requirements are implemented in the case of the BPCh. In the BPCh, each practice has one associated Practice Record, containing information about the practi ce and what is available in the Clearinghouse, and zero to many Evidence Profiles, each of which contains a summary of a single organizations experience using the practice. A Practice Record consists of 1. A Practice Detail block, which contains information such as the practice name, a short description, and the completeness and maturity indicator for the experience package. . A Practice Summary block, which synthesizes all available evidence data and describes possible application contexts for the practice based on a go by of characterizing attributes. This part of the practice record thereby allows contrary users (i. e. , organizations) to make use of the practice. An Evidence Profile contains an example or report of some type of program that has utilize this practice, how they applied it, and what results were obtained.Each Evidence Profile contains the same unbending of context and result fields as the Practice Summary block, except that the information recorded in each fiel d will describe only what has been observed in the given context of the particular piece of evidence. In addition, the data structure of an Evidence Profile contains a field for documenting its classification of the trustability. TRUSTABILITY OF A SINGLE SOURCE OF EVIDENCE A 20-point scale rates the trustability of each Evidence Profile.A rating of l indicates ananecdotalor informal experience a rating of 20 indicates that the results of applying the practice are rigorously measured and substantiated. Points are based on the following four dimensions * how the practice was applied, ranging from a single pilot study to use on septuple real projects * how the results were measured, ranging from an educated guess to a rigorous measurement program * how the evidence was reported, ranging from an informal incidentto a peerreviewed publication and who reported the evidence, ranging from a second-hand report to someone come inly involved on the team. to a greater extent information on th e rating scale can be order on the BPCh page of the Acquisition Community Connection of DAU (https//acc. dau. mil/bpch). MATURITY OF A PRACTICE RECORD A 4-point scale is used to rate each Practice Record to readily inform the user of how much, and what type of, information is cognize about the practice. As required by EMPEROR, this scale focuses on the quality of the overall accumulated information that is available for a practice (i. e. thesynthesizedand packaged information in the Practice Record). Based on the available information we describe the practice maturity as * No status assigned/Initial entrance A new Practice Record is initially entered into the BPCh when it is nominated by our experts and/or user communities. typically at this time, only some of the fields in the Practice Detail block are modify in and no Evidence Profiles are available. * Bronze status/Awareness raised As briefly as any evidence becomes available (i. e. , an Evidence Profile has been linked to the Practice Record), the status is set to Bronze level.For users, the Bronze Level status indicates that the practice has been nominated by our experts and user communities, and received a preliminary check for applicability. * Silver status/Evaluation performed When a sufficient set of Evidence Profiles is available, the BPCh experts will fill in the Practice Summary block and the status is set to Silver Level. For users, the Silver Level status indicates that the practice has been selected as promising ample to commission experts in the area to summarize key information. exploiters can see at a glance what they should know. * Gold status/Continuously maintained When the summary has been further evaluated (i. e. , vetted) by experts from industry, academia, and government, the status is set to Gold Level. For users, the Gold Level status indicates that the practice has been by dint of a rigorous analysis by a committee of experts in the practice itself as well as by user represe ntatives. Information on Gold Level practices contains the best and widest-ranging experiences we can find. confine STATUS OF THE BPCHWe have been piloting BPCh processes and tools by seeding initial matter. At this point the BPCh contains 51 practices at all levels of maturity. Practices that have progressed to Gold Level are those, like inspection/technical review, which have a prospicient history of published industrial experience. Many practices of interest in the area of systems and software acquisition have few documented sources of evidence or experience. Therefore, we are testing assorted processes for eliciting information from the workforce.Based on the recommendations of our User consultatory Group, the following types of practices are currently our top-priority areas for additional subject field *Earned Value Management, * Risk Management, * Information Assurance, and * Spiral Development Process. We hope that visitors to the BPCh tool will try out the offered featur es for providing short stories about their own experience with practices in these (or any other) areas. We encourage you to provide feedback as to whether you agree ordisagree withthe existent experiences that have been entered, or thoughts on our BPCh tool in general.LESSONS LEARNED Based on our experience with the BPCh program and other knowledge attention projects, we can formulate some observations which make useful rules of thumb for good practices to build such systems. The BPCh program has been organized along three parallel (but interconnected) tracks, which reflects our first lesson learned. LESSON 1 PROCEED IN doubled DIRECTIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY Progress in expression a knowledge repository needs to proceed in quaternary dimensions simultaneously content collection, tool development, and outreach.Although there is often a temptation to view these as tasks that can be done sequentially (e. g. , first the tool will be built, thencepopulated, and then it will be advertised t o users), we have found this to be an overlysimplisticview that diminishes the prospect of project success. Constructing the tool prior to collecting actual content and getting users feedback almost ensures that important user needs will be discovered late and will require much more travail to implement. Populating the content without getting user feedback leads to a high likelihood that the content will not unfeignedly address user needs.More importantly, content needs to come from the user biotic club, if the repository is to have a long-term life. We have found that for the research team to generate substantial amounts of content is a time-consuming way of recreating what many users already have at theirfinger tips. Finally, engaging in outreach and building excitement in the community of potential users runs the risk of all prototyping efforts When told how anything is possible in the final system, users often come up with many wish list features that are not really linked to their everyday needs.Moreover, users often getfrustratedwith the slow pace of progress when the system actually has to be implemented, and lose interest in the first place the system is fielded. To avoid these problems, we have adopted anincrementalapproach, with content and tool development going on simultaneously and outreach activities to the user community (such as booths at major conferences, or specific User Advisory Group meetings) planned at major milestones.Although this sometimes stretches resources a bit thin, we feel this approach has enabled us to lock up day-after-dayally with the user community, show them progress since the lastiteration, and get feedback on ever more mature versions of the system, with an initial body of content. LESSON 2 MAINTAIN A CONTINUOUS STREAM OF FUNDING Because of the interconnected nature of all the tasks listed above, having a stable funding stream is crucial.Requiring the team to take a rest periodfrom the project after a release is delivered leads to lost opportunities for user involvement (users find it hard to match their schedule to the development teams), leads to new content ideas that miss getting followed up on, may result in the loss of expertise if experienced personnel resources are in transition to other projects during the hiatus, increases the personnel learning curve encountered at restarts, and may result in flagging interest in the user community since momentum generated during outreach is lost.LESSON 3 RECOGNIZE THE RELATIVE MERITS OF CONTENT Our most important lesson learned is a direct implication of the BPCh vision There is no such thing as a Best Practice. Or, to state it more diplomatically No practice will be best for every project. Practices that are absolutely necessary for large, mission-critical projects may be too heavyweight for rapid prototyping or Web application development. The implications of this lesson are many.Perhaps the most important is related to the tone of the reco mmendations that users find Rather than arguing as an expert that readers should be following a given practice, or else they are doing something wrong, practices should be recommended to readers on the basis that projects of certain type(s) have found it useful. That is, rather than presenting aforegone conclusionto users, the system should aim at respecting users intelligence enough to enable them to draw their own conclusion, providing sufficient evidence as necessary for those decisions to be sound ones.LESSON 4 UNDERSTAND THE LIFE CYCLE OF BEST PRACTICES Practices (and practice information) are not static and have a real life round of golf. Majorparadigm shiftsin the software development world can have an impact on which practices are recommended. The practices that seemed to be good fits for most projects, when awaterfalllife cycle was the most common approach to software development, are not all equally applicable at the current time, wheniterative, spiral, and even agile app roaches are probably more representative of the state-of-the-art practice.Our recommendations regarding a incorporated life cycle for practice information are 1. A knowledge repository needs to be continually evolving by accepting information on topics of interest and making it available to users as soon as possible. While some quality checking is necessary to make sure that incorrect, misleading, or incomplete information is disseminated outward, it is better to get information to users as it comes in, than to wait and try to create something perfect.Users should be able to see a timestamp on all information so that they can see if the experiences related are impertinent and up to date or come from years ago. 2. However, the desire to get information out riotously should not interfere with the need for validation activities that provide higher confidence in the information. These additional levels of maturity should be noted, to give users more confidence in the information the y find, but should not be used as apreconditionfor displaying content. 3.Content needs to be retired when appropriate. Practices may have a natural lifespan, since the acquisition and development worlds relate to evolve and change on their own. Practices that were good 10 years ago may not be appropriate given todays constraints or technologies. To avoid users finding obsolete information in the repository, reports need to be generated periodically of which practices have received no updates or new experiences in the longest time. LESSON 5 APPLY AGILE STRATEGIES AND PROTOTYPINGTo create the front end of the BPCh tool, which helps users find candidate practices, explore possibilities, and get more information on practices of real interest, we have found that prototyping and agile strategies are extremely valuable for developing knowledge-management systems. on the button because of the need for parallel activities in different tracks, and the number ofstakeholdersinvolved (tool dev elopers, content gathering team, end user representatives, sponsor representatives), an agile approach is extremely valuable.The implementation of the prototype BPCh tool was carried on in two-week increments, at the end of which a releasable version was always available. At the end of each two-week period, a demonstration and planning meeting was held with as many of the stakeholders as could be present. This approach was necessary to help us ordain andprioritizethe evolving expectations of the users as well as the necessary changes that were suggested by the content development team, based on what they were finding. As part of this meeting we learned the following lesson LESSON 6 USE APPROPRIATE LANGUAGESpeak to the users in their language. Do not expect them to learn yours. We realized early on that having the greatest possible content in the BPCh repository would not be of much help if the users cannot find it. To address this we needed to provide multiple paths to the informa tion, so that users could select the path that made the most sense to them. Some specific lessons learned here included 1. Organize around common tasks. The best way to reach users is to organize the contents of the repositoryaccording toeveryday activities that the user performs.This helps users see the repository less as an additional activity that they need to make time for, and more as a value-added to the activities that already consume their time. In the case of BPCh, we added several such perspectives (i. e. , indexes to the content) based around activities of importance to different segments of the user community (e. g. , addressingCMMIpractice areas, constructing a systems design strategy, and referencing back to common guidebooks). 2. Push as well as pull information.Rather than always expecting users to take time to come to browse the BPCh tool, information can be pushed outward to the user on a periodic basis. For example, the user could select some practices of special interest, and when new experiences come in related to these practices a notification is sent via e-mail. 3. Match users to practices based on context similarity. Since no practice will be best for every project, it is important to match users to practices using context characteristics. This provides the users with a pick list of practices that may be useful in their particular situation, in ddition, it may alert the user to practices that they might not have known about previously. For example, if the user selects a few context variables that describe his/her context, then practices can be prioritized and displayed according to whether they have associated evidence provided by users with similar context information. This is a way of indicating that, even if the practice does not answer a specific search query, users like the current one have found this practice useful and it may be something the user should know. LESSON 7 DEMONSTRATE PRACTICAL EXAMPLES TO INTENDED USERTo engage in effective outreach activities, aimed at building up an interested and active community of users of the BPCh, we find the following lesson of relevance You can not show initial users an emptydepository. In line with the idea that building a tool like the BPCh needs to proceed on three tracks in parallel (front-end, content, and outreach) is the lesson that populating the content cannot come after the repository is built. Showing users a fancy front-end without an initial set of real content may get their interest for a short time period, but is not an effective way of building an active user community.Users need to see a small but representative set of content which they can respond to and start generating ideas for the next content or tool release. LESSON 8 modify CONTENT AND FUNCTIONALITY CONTINUOUSLY To keep interest engaged, when users do check back to the site they need to see that updates have been made since last time. Content needs to be continuously updated andrefreshedto stay informed of trends. If users ever become convinced that the repository does not get updated on a regular basis, this often spells the end of their involvement.Rather, they need to be motivated to come back often enough to find new things and hopefully, as they progress, be motivated to submit responses and ideas of their own showing emerging trends and keeping the content relevant. Thus, user involvement tends to build more user involvement. As users become interested enough to post comments or sendnew ideasto the repository, other users will continue to be interested to show up to see which comments have been added since the last time and possibly find something of interest to their current situationand more believably to find something applicable.One way we have experimented withto reinforce this conceptis to list on the front page of the BPCh tool the most recently added practices and highlight ones that have been promoted to various maturity levels (Bronze, Silver, or Gol d). Thus, one of thefirst thingsusers see is an indicator of how much progress has occurred since their last visit. CONCLUSIONS This article has presented some of the lessons learned with the BPCh program, which aims to document practices and quickly disseminate them to the users. The BPCh, which is based on the EMPEROR approach, makes use of a two-dimensional rating scale.These scales provide users with a quick overview of the trustability and maturity of the stored practice records. The scales allow users to understand and to draw their own conclusions based on a set of evidence from different contexts, from research studies as well as industrial experiences, and using measures at different levels ofrigor. Practitioners can rely on this information without reading in detail through the different evidence sources, unless they are interested in the very detailed level of information.In addition, ways to collect user feedback and inductance discussions are offered to allow a vivid a nd growing user community. While initial feedback regarding the BPCh tool has been supreme (Turner & Shull, 2005), we are continuing to improve the BPCh program and its associated tool through ongoing research, advisory groups, and user community feedback. We are interested in addressing such questions as How much extra effort tocertifyevidence sets and summaries as correct is worthwhile to users? or Are there subsets or types of evidence that users will find especially worthwhile? We invite you to take a look at our BPCh tool, available at http//bpch. dau. mil. We prize all feedback, whether it be submitted through the tool or directly to the authors e-mail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported with funding from the U. S. plane section of Defense (DoD), the theatrical role of the Secretary of Defense(OSD), and the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). We wish to thank the members of the BPCh team, from DAU, FC-MD, CSC, and SSCI, for the many copious discussions that hav e improved this work. REFERENCES Basili, V.R, Caldiera, G. , & Rombach, H. D. (1994). Experience factory. In J. J. Marciniak (Ed. ),Encyclopediaof Software Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 469-476). New YorkJohn Wiley& Sons, Inc. Basili, V. , Zelkowitz, M. , McGarry, E, Page, J. , Waligora, S. , & Pajerski, R. (1995). SELs software process improvement program. IEEE Software, 12(6), 83-87. Dangle, K. , Dwinnell, L. , Hickok, J. , Turner, R. (2005, May). Introducing the Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. CrossTalk, 18(5), 4-5. Defense Acquisition University.Retrieved from http//bpch. dau. mil Delphi colour Paper. (2002). Taxonomy Content ClassificationMarket Milestone Report. Boston, MA Delphi Group. Koennecker, A. , Jeffery, R. , & Low, G. (2000, April). Implementing an experience factory based on existing organizational knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2000Australian Software Engineering Conference(pp. 28-29), Canberra, ACT, Australia. Mendonca, M. , Seaman, C . , Basili, V. R. , & Kim, Y. M. (2001, June). A prototype experience management system for a software consulting organization.In Proceedings of the 13thInternational Conference on Software Engineeringand Knowledge Engineering (SEKE). Ottawa, Canada. Schneider, K. , Schwinn, T. (2001, June). Maturing experience base concepts at DaimlerChrysler. Software Process-Improvement and Practice, 6(2), 85-96. Turner, R. , Shull, F. (2005, November). An empirical approach to best practice identification and selection The U. S. Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. In Proceedings of the quaternary International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE2005)(pp. 33-140), Noosa Heads, Australia. Mr. Raimund L. Feldmann is the technical lead for Knowledge and Experience Management at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-MD). Before he joined FC-MD in 2004, Raimund participated in several technology transfer projects in Germany and was similarly involved in the development of the Virtual Software Engineering Competence Center (VSEK) portal, funded by the Department of Education and Research (bmb+f) of the German Federal Government, to offer up-to-date Software Engineering knowledge to subject matter experts. E-mail address emailprotected umd. edu) Mrs. Michele A. Shaw is a Scientist at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering. Michele supports clients implementing process improvement, measurement, and experience factory concepts. She has over 25 years of experience in Information Technology including software and service development, project management, quality assurance, client care andsubcontractormanagement Ms Shaw holds a BS in Business fromUniversity of Baltimoreand a masters in applied behavioral sciencefromJohns HopkinsUniversity. (E-mail address emailprotected edu) Dr. Forrest Shull is a senior scientist at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-MD). He is project manager and member of technical staff for projects with clients that have included Fujitsu, Motorola, NASA, and the U. S. Department of Defense. He has also been lead researcher on grants from the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Air Force Research Labs, and NASAs Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. (E-mail address emailprotected umd. edu)